CUMBRIA.AC.UK Home | University of Cumbria


cumbria.ac.uk website information.

cumbria.ac.uk domain name is registered by .UK top-level domain registry. See the other sites registred in .UK domain zone.

Following name servers are specified for cumbria.ac.uk domain:

  • ns1.cumbria.ac.uk
  • ns2.cumbria.ac.uk
  • ns4.ja.net

and probably website cumbria.ac.uk is hosted by WIKIMEDIA - Wikimedia Foundation Inc., US web hosting company. Check the complete list of other most popular websites hosted by WIKIMEDIA - Wikimedia Foundation Inc., US hosting company.

According to Alexa traffic rank the highest website cumbria.ac.uk position was 46541 (in the world). The lowest Alexa rank position was 110967. Now website cumbria.ac.uk ranked in Alexa database as number 47836 (in the world).

Website cumbria.ac.uk Desktop speed measurement score (44/100) is better than the results of 18.13% of other sites shows that the page desktop performance can be improved.

cumbria.ac.uk Mobile usability score (93/100) is better than the results of 34.93% of other sites and means that the page is mobile-friendly.

Mobile speed measurement score of cumbria.ac.uk (28/100) is better than the results of 8.55% of other sites and shows that the landing page performance on mobile devices is poor and can be improved.

Weekly Rank Report

DateRankChange
Nov-19-2024 47,836-312
Nov-18-2024 47,524380
Nov-17-2024 47,904-1,036
Nov-16-2024 46,868644
Nov-15-2024 47,512-737
Nov-14-2024 46,775894
Nov-13-2024 47,6690

Advertisement

cumbria.ac.uk Rank History

Alexa can identify the popularity of a website as well as its competitors. It is important for website owners and bloggers to know their Alexa ranking because it shows how many visitors have viewed their web page. It gives them a clear idea of how popular their website is on the internet and the ranking of their competitors.



cumbria.ac.uk whois

WHOIS is a query and response protocol that is widely used for querying databases that store the registered users or assignees of an Internet resource, such as a domain name, an IP address block, or an autonomous system, but is also used for a wider range of other information.


Domain name:
ac.uk

Registrant:
The JNT Association

Registrant type:
Other

Registrant's address:
Lumen House
Library Avenue
Harwell
Didcot
OX11 OSG
GB

Registrar:
No registrar listed. This domain is directly registered with Nominet.

Relevant dates:
Registered on: before Aug-1996
Registration status:
No registration status listed.

Name servers:
ns0.ja.net.
ns2.ja.net.
ns3.ja.net.
ns4.ja.net.
auth03.ns.uu.net.
ns1.surfnet.nl.
dns-3.dfn.de.

WHOIS lookup made at 11:20:11 22-Sep-2024

--
This WHOIS information is provided for free by Nominet UK the central registry
for .uk domain names. This information and the .uk WHOIS are:

Copyright Nominet UK 1996 - 2024.

You may not access the .uk WHOIS or use any data from it except as permitted
by the terms of use available in full at https://www.nominet.uk/whoisterms,
which includes restrictions on: (A) use of the data for advertising, or its
repackaging, recompilation, redistribution or reuse (B) obscuring, removing
or hiding any or all of this notice and (C) exceeding query rate or volume
limits. The data is provided on an 'as-is' basis and may lag behind the
register. Access may be withdrawn or restricted at any time.

cumbria.ac.uk server information

Servers Location

IP Address
63.33.240.28
63.33.230.135
Region
California
California
City
San Jose
San Jose

cumbria.ac.uk desktop page speed rank

Last tested: 2016-12-15


Desktop Speed Bad
44/100

cumbria.ac.uk Desktop Speed Test Quick Summary


priority - 104 Optimize images

Properly formatting and compressing images can save many bytes of data.

Optimize the following images to reduce their size by 1,011.4KiB (58% reduction).

Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…racticalLesson-(1).jpg could save 281.5KiB (83% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…x-x-400px/mosaic10.jpg could save 158.4KiB (79% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…440-x-535/BO7A3213.png could save 124.4KiB (27% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…px-x-400px/mosiac1.jpg could save 85.8KiB (79% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ted-375-x-180px/23.jpg could save 83KiB (73% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…d-375-x-180px/UCAS.jpg could save 64.4KiB (76% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…px-x-400px/mosaic7.jpg could save 64.4KiB (75% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…0px/RelatedImages2.jpg could save 42.7KiB (73% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…new_world_masthead.jpg could save 35.4KiB (42% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…0052_MO38-BO7A3390.jpg could save 33.8KiB (49% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…hildrenAndFamilies.jpg could save 32KiB (30% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…assets/images/logo.png could save 5.5KiB (37% reduction).

priority - 17 Leverage browser caching

Setting an expiry date or a maximum age in the HTTP headers for static resources instructs the browser to load previously downloaded resources from local disk rather than over the network.

Leverage browser caching for the following cacheable resources:

http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…e/barrow_413x376px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…campuses_413x376px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…campuses_413x376px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…campuses_413x376px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…campuses_413x376px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…graduate_285x285px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…graduate_285x285px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…440-x-535/BO7A3213.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…hildrenAndFamilies.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…racticalLesson-(1).jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…0-x-535/graduation.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…x-x-400px/mosaic10.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…px-x-400px/mosaic7.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…px-x-400px/mosiac1.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…0052_MO38-BO7A3390.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…new_world_masthead.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ted-375-x-180px/23.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…0px/RelatedImages2.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…d-375-x-180px/UCAS.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…-assets/css/app-p2.css (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ets/css/t4.updates.css (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…assets/images/logo.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…javascript/main.min.js (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ascript/plugins.min.js (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…inalfour.additional.js (expiration not specified)
http://my.cumbria.ac.uk/Public/AQS/Documents/AcademicRegulations/6.pdf (expiration not specified)
http://static-cdn.responsetap.com/static/scripts/rTapTrack.min.js (expiration not specified)
http://static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-PGGZPB (15 minutes)
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-TJBBX4 (15 minutes)
https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js (20 minutes)
http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key=AIzaSyD…gcmZ3OmV4O8NNJOuMDRws4 (30 minutes)
http://script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0017/1564.js?411598 (60 minutes)
http://www.google-analytics.com/plugins/ua/linkid.js (60 minutes)
http://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js (2 hours)

priority - 14 Eliminate render-blocking JavaScript and CSS in above-the-fold content

Your page has 3 blocking CSS resources. This causes a delay in rendering your page.

None of the above-the-fold content on your page could be rendered without waiting for the following resources to load. Try to defer or asynchronously load blocking resources, or inline the critical portions of those resources directly in the HTML.

Optimize CSS Delivery of the following:

http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ets/css/t4.updates.css
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…-assets/css/app-p2.css
http://hello.myfonts.net/count/30d2d6

priority - 4 Enable compression

Compressing resources with gzip or deflate can reduce the number of bytes sent over the network.

Enable compression for the following resources to reduce their transfer size by 37.7KiB (77% reduction).

Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/ could save 33.1KiB (80% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…javascript/main.min.js could save 3.4KiB (64% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ets/css/t4.updates.css could save 1.2KiB (60% reduction).

priority - 1 Minify HTML

Compacting HTML code, including any inline JavaScript and CSS contained in it, can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.

Minify HTML for the following resources to reduce their size by 14.3KiB (35% reduction).

Minifying http://cumbria.ac.uk/ could save 14.3KiB (35% reduction).

priority - 0 Minify JavaScript

Compacting JavaScript code can save many bytes of data and speed up downloading, parsing, and execution time.

Minify JavaScript for the following resources to reduce their size by 546B (49% reduction).

Minifying http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…inalfour.additional.js could save 546B (49% reduction) after compression.

cumbria.ac.uk Desktop Resources

Total Resources62
Number of Hosts23
Static Resources37
JavaScript Resources20
CSS Resources3

cumbria.ac.uk Desktop Resource Breakdown

cumbria.ac.uk mobile page speed rank

Last tested: 2016-12-15


Mobile Speed Bad
28/100

cumbria.ac.uk Mobile Speed Test Quick Summary


priority - 104 Optimize images

Properly formatting and compressing images can save many bytes of data.

Optimize the following images to reduce their size by 1,011.4KiB (58% reduction).

Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…racticalLesson-(1).jpg could save 281.5KiB (83% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…x-x-400px/mosaic10.jpg could save 158.4KiB (79% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…440-x-535/BO7A3213.png could save 124.4KiB (27% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…px-x-400px/mosiac1.jpg could save 85.8KiB (79% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ted-375-x-180px/23.jpg could save 83KiB (73% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…d-375-x-180px/UCAS.jpg could save 64.4KiB (76% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…px-x-400px/mosaic7.jpg could save 64.4KiB (75% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…0px/RelatedImages2.jpg could save 42.7KiB (73% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…new_world_masthead.jpg could save 35.4KiB (42% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…0052_MO38-BO7A3390.jpg could save 33.8KiB (49% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…hildrenAndFamilies.jpg could save 32KiB (30% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…assets/images/logo.png could save 5.5KiB (37% reduction).

priority - 64 Eliminate render-blocking JavaScript and CSS in above-the-fold content

Your page has 3 blocking CSS resources. This causes a delay in rendering your page.

None of the above-the-fold content on your page could be rendered without waiting for the following resources to load. Try to defer or asynchronously load blocking resources, or inline the critical portions of those resources directly in the HTML.

Optimize CSS Delivery of the following:

http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ets/css/t4.updates.css
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…-assets/css/app-p2.css
http://hello.myfonts.net/count/30d2d6

priority - 62 Enable compression

Compressing resources with gzip or deflate can reduce the number of bytes sent over the network.

Enable compression for the following resources to reduce their transfer size by 609.1KiB (46% reduction).

Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…-assets/css/app-p2.css could save 496.2KiB (43% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ascript/plugins.min.js could save 72.4KiB (68% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/ could save 33.1KiB (80% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…javascript/main.min.js could save 3.4KiB (64% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…inalfour.additional.js could save 2.8KiB (71% reduction).
Compressing http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ets/css/t4.updates.css could save 1.2KiB (60% reduction).

priority - 26 Leverage browser caching

Setting an expiry date or a maximum age in the HTTP headers for static resources instructs the browser to load previously downloaded resources from local disk rather than over the network.

Leverage browser caching for the following cacheable resources:

http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…e/barrow_413x376px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…campuses_413x376px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…campuses_413x376px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…campuses_413x376px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…campuses_413x376px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…graduate_285x285px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…graduate_285x285px.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…440-x-535/BO7A3213.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…hildrenAndFamilies.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…racticalLesson-(1).jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…0-x-535/graduation.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…x-x-400px/mosaic10.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…px-x-400px/mosaic7.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…px-x-400px/mosiac1.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…0052_MO38-BO7A3390.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…new_world_masthead.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ted-375-x-180px/23.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…0px/RelatedImages2.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…d-375-x-180px/UCAS.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…-assets/css/app-p2.css (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ets/css/t4.updates.css (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…assets/images/logo.png (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…javascript/main.min.js (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…ascript/plugins.min.js (expiration not specified)
http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…inalfour.additional.js (expiration not specified)
http://my.cumbria.ac.uk/Public/AQS/Documents/AcademicRegulations/6.pdf (expiration not specified)
http://static-cdn.responsetap.com/static/scripts/rTapTrack.min.js (expiration not specified)
http://static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-PGGZPB (15 minutes)
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-TJBBX4 (15 minutes)
https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js (20 minutes)
http://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key=AIzaSyD…gcmZ3OmV4O8NNJOuMDRws4 (30 minutes)
http://script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0017/1564.js?411598 (60 minutes)
http://www.google-analytics.com/plugins/ua/linkid.js (60 minutes)
http://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js (2 hours)

priority - 1 Minify HTML

Compacting HTML code, including any inline JavaScript and CSS contained in it, can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.

Minify HTML for the following resources to reduce their size by 14.3KiB (35% reduction).

Minifying http://cumbria.ac.uk/ could save 14.3KiB (35% reduction).

priority - 0 Minify JavaScript

Compacting JavaScript code can save many bytes of data and speed up downloading, parsing, and execution time.

Minify JavaScript for the following resources to reduce their size by 2.3KiB (60% reduction).

Minifying http://cumbria.ac.uk/media/university-of-cumbria-w…inalfour.additional.js could save 2.3KiB (60% reduction).

cumbria.ac.uk Mobile Resources

Total Resources62
Number of Hosts23
Static Resources37
JavaScript Resources20
CSS Resources3

cumbria.ac.uk Mobile Resource Breakdown

cumbria.ac.uk mobile page usability

Last tested: 2016-12-15


Mobile Usability Good
93/100

cumbria.ac.uk Mobile Usability Test Quick Summary


priority - 6 Size tap targets appropriately

Some of the links/buttons on your webpage may be too small for a user to easily tap on a touchscreen. Consider making these tap targets larger to provide a better user experience.

The following tap targets are close to other nearby tap targets and may need additional spacing around them.

The tap target <a href="#">0333 920 5141</a> and 3 others are close to other tap targets.

The tap target <li id="slick-slide20" class="slick-active">1</li> and 2 others are close to other tap targets.

The tap target <button type="button">1</button> is close to 2 other tap targets.

The tap target <button type="button">2</button> and 2 others are close to other tap targets.

The tap target <li id="slick-slide23">4</li> is close to 2 other tap targets.

The tap target <button type="button" class="slick-prev slick-arrow">Previous</button> is close to 1 other tap targets.
The tap target <a href="http://www.cum…tion=Ambleside">Courses</a> and 16 others are close to other tap targets.
The tap target <button type="button" class="slick-next slick-arrow">Next</button> is close to 1 other tap targets.

cumbria.ac.uk similar domains

Similar domains:
www.cumbria.com
www.cumbria.net
www.cumbria.org
www.cumbria.info
www.cumbria.biz
www.cumbria.us
www.cumbria.mobi
www.umbria.ac.uk
www.cumbria.ac.uk
www.xumbria.ac.uk
www.cxumbria.ac.uk
www.xcumbria.ac.uk
www.dumbria.ac.uk
www.cdumbria.ac.uk
www.dcumbria.ac.uk
www.fumbria.ac.uk
www.cfumbria.ac.uk
www.fcumbria.ac.uk
www.vumbria.ac.uk
www.cvumbria.ac.uk
www.vcumbria.ac.uk
www.cmbria.ac.uk
www.cymbria.ac.uk
www.cuymbria.ac.uk
www.cyumbria.ac.uk
www.chmbria.ac.uk
www.cuhmbria.ac.uk
www.chumbria.ac.uk
www.cjmbria.ac.uk
www.cujmbria.ac.uk
www.cjumbria.ac.uk
www.cimbria.ac.uk
www.cuimbria.ac.uk
www.ciumbria.ac.uk
www.cubria.ac.uk
www.cunbria.ac.uk
www.cumnbria.ac.uk
www.cunmbria.ac.uk
www.cujbria.ac.uk
www.cumjbria.ac.uk
www.cukbria.ac.uk
www.cumkbria.ac.uk
www.cukmbria.ac.uk
www.cumria.ac.uk
www.cumvria.ac.uk
www.cumbvria.ac.uk
www.cumvbria.ac.uk
www.cumgria.ac.uk
www.cumbgria.ac.uk
www.cumgbria.ac.uk
www.cumhria.ac.uk
www.cumbhria.ac.uk
www.cumhbria.ac.uk
www.cumnria.ac.uk
www.cumbnria.ac.uk
www.cumbia.ac.uk
www.cumbeia.ac.uk
www.cumbreia.ac.uk
www.cumberia.ac.uk
www.cumbdia.ac.uk
www.cumbrdia.ac.uk
www.cumbdria.ac.uk
www.cumbfia.ac.uk
www.cumbrfia.ac.uk
www.cumbfria.ac.uk
www.cumbtia.ac.uk
www.cumbrtia.ac.uk
www.cumbtria.ac.uk
www.cumbra.ac.uk
www.cumbrua.ac.uk
www.cumbriua.ac.uk
www.cumbruia.ac.uk
www.cumbrja.ac.uk
www.cumbrija.ac.uk
www.cumbrjia.ac.uk
www.cumbrka.ac.uk
www.cumbrika.ac.uk
www.cumbrkia.ac.uk
www.cumbroa.ac.uk
www.cumbrioa.ac.uk
www.cumbroia.ac.uk
www.cumbri.ac.uk
www.cumbriq.ac.uk
www.cumbriaq.ac.uk
www.cumbriqa.ac.uk
www.cumbriw.ac.uk
www.cumbriaw.ac.uk
www.cumbriwa.ac.uk
www.cumbris.ac.uk
www.cumbrias.ac.uk
www.cumbrisa.ac.uk
www.cumbriz.ac.uk
www.cumbriaz.ac.uk
www.cumbriza.ac.uk

cumbria.ac.uk Ping

Ping is a networking utility tool to test if a particular host is reachable. It is a diagnostic that checks reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. In a computer network, a ping test is a way of sending messages from one host to another. Aside from checking if the host is connected to a network, ping also gives indicators of the reliability and general speed of the connection.


cumbria.ac.uk TRACEROUTE

Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool used to track the pathway taken by a packet on an IP network from source to destination. Traceroute also records the time taken for each hop the packet makes during its route to the destination. Traceroute uses ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo packets with variable time to live values. The response time of each hop is calculated. To guarantee accuracy, each hop is queried multiple times (usually three times) to better measure the response of that particular hop.