DAV-SHOP.DE DAV-Shop - Startseite


dav-shop.de website information.

dav-shop.de domain name is registered by .DE top-level domain registry. See the other sites registred in .DE domain zone.

Following name servers are specified for dav-shop.de domain:

  • c.ns14.net
  • b.ns14.net
  • a.ns14.net
  • d.ns14.net

and probably website dav-shop.de is hosted by Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. web hosting company. Check the complete list of other most popular websites hosted by Chunghwa Telecom Co., Ltd. hosting company.

According to Alexa traffic rank the highest website dav-shop.de position was 14378 (in the world). The lowest Alexa rank position was 999922. Now website dav-shop.de ranked in Alexa database as number 999922 (in the world).

Website dav-shop.de Desktop speed measurement score (0/100) shows that the page desktop performance can be improved.

dav-shop.de Mobile usability score (97/100) is better than the results of 49.9% of other sites and means that the page is mobile-friendly.

Mobile speed measurement score of dav-shop.de (0/100) and shows that the landing page performance on mobile devices is poor and can be improved.

Weekly Rank Report

DateRankChange
Sep-22-2024 999,922N/A
Sep-21-2024 N/AN/A
Sep-20-2024 N/AN/A
Sep-19-2024 N/AN/A
Sep-18-2024 N/AN/A
Sep-17-2024 N/AN/A
Sep-16-2024 N/AN/A

Advertisement

dav-shop.de Rank History

Alexa can identify the popularity of a website as well as its competitors. It is important for website owners and bloggers to know their Alexa ranking because it shows how many visitors have viewed their web page. It gives them a clear idea of how popular their website is on the internet and the ranking of their competitors.



dav-shop.de whois

WHOIS is a query and response protocol that is widely used for querying databases that store the registered users or assignees of an Internet resource, such as a domain name, an IP address block, or an autonomous system, but is also used for a wider range of other information.


Domain: dav-shop.de
Status: connect

dav-shop.de server information

Servers Location

IP Address
217.110.211.198
Country
Germany
Region
Berlin
City
Berlin

dav-shop.de desktop page speed rank

Last tested: 2019-09-01


Desktop Speed Bad
0/100

dav-shop.de Desktop Speed Test Quick Summary


priority - 1168 Optimize images

Properly formatting and compressing images can save many bytes of data.

Optimize the following images to reduce their size by 11.1MiB (98% reduction).

Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/411776_2.png could save 2.8MiB (99% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430129_2.png could save 1.6MiB (98% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU051_2j.png could save 828.2KiB (97% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430260_z4s.png could save 771.8KiB (98% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU002_2.png could save 634.5KiB (98% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/490086_2n.jpg could save 576.6KiB (99% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT014/450102_2n.png could save 549.8KiB (97% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430237_2n.png could save 423.7KiB (98% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/490089_2n.jpg could save 400.8KiB (99% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/411670_2n.png could save 384.8KiB (98% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU011_2.png could save 380.3KiB (97% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430238_2n.png could save 371.1KiB (98% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU012_2.png could save 354KiB (97% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/490031_2n.png could save 343.1KiB (97% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430197_2n.jpg could save 310.4KiB (99% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430195_2n.jpg could save 267.1KiB (99% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430215_2.png could save 181.5KiB (97% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT007/490009_3.JPG could save 93.6KiB (96% reduction).

priority - 29 Minify CSS

Compacting CSS code can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.

Minify CSS for the following resources to reduce their size by 285.1KiB (82% reduction).

Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Styles/default.css could save 283.6KiB (83% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/jquery-ui.css could save 1.3KiB (23% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/jquery.ui.autocomplete.css could save 152B (65% reduction) after compression.

priority - 14 Leverage browser caching

Setting an expiry date or a maximum age in the HTTP headers for static resources instructs the browser to load previously downloaded resources from local disk rather than over the network.

Leverage browser caching for the following cacheable resources:

https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/bootstrap.js (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/fastclick.js (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/jquery-2.2.4.js (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/jquery-ui-1.12.1.js (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/less-1.5.1.js (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Styles/default.css (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/imag…t_75_ffffff_40x100.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/jquery-ui.css (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/jquery.ui.autocomplete.css (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT000/HeadBackground_Pt1.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT007/490009_3.JPG (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/411670_2n.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/411776_2.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430129_2.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430195_2n.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430197_2n.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430215_2.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430237_2n.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430238_2n.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430260_z4s.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/490031_2n.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/490086_2n.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/490089_2n.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU002_2.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU011_2.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU012_2.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU051_2j.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT014/450102_2n.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js (2 hours)

priority - 14 Eliminate render-blocking JavaScript and CSS in above-the-fold content

Your page has 10 blocking script resources and 3 blocking CSS resources. This causes a delay in rendering your page.

None of the above-the-fold content on your page could be rendered without waiting for the following resources to load. Try to defer or asynchronously load blocking resources, or inline the critical portions of those resources directly in the HTML.

Remove render-blocking JavaScript:

https://dav-shop.de/javascript/lib/AdapterUtils.js
https://dav-shop.de/javascript/lib/MenuAdapter.js
https://dav-shop.de/bundles/MsAjaxJs?v=c42ygB2U07n…GVu4Rr2gsBo7MvUEnJeZ81
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/jquery-2.2.4.js
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/jquery-ui-1.12.1.js
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/less-1.5.1.js
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/fastclick.js
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/bootstrap.js
https://dav-shop.de/bundles/WebFormsJs?v=AAyiAYwMf…qfU5exDukMVhrRuZ-PDU01
https://dav-shop.de/bundles/ntn?v=U3BDVl-T6vKA1enN…ebtkJe7MIpsXJUWr8KKTw1

Optimize CSS Delivery of the following:

https://dav-shop.de/Styles/default.css
https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/jquery-ui.css
https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/jquery.ui.autocomplete.css

priority - 11 Minify JavaScript

Compacting JavaScript code can save many bytes of data and speed up downloading, parsing, and execution time.

Minify JavaScript for the following resources to reduce their size by 110.5KiB (41% reduction).

Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/jquery-ui-1.12.1.js could save 46.2KiB (38% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/jquery-2.2.4.js could save 37.5KiB (50% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/less-1.5.1.js could save 18.9KiB (37% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/fastclick.js could save 4.6KiB (62% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/bootstrap.js could save 3.1KiB (23% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/javascript/lib/MenuAdapter.js could save 231B (22% reduction) after compression.

priority - 2 Reduce server response time

In our test, your server responded in 0.40 seconds.

There are many factors that can slow down your server response time. Please read our recommendations to learn how you can monitor and measure where your server is spending the most time.

priority - 0 Minify HTML

Compacting HTML code, including any inline JavaScript and CSS contained in it, can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.

Minify HTML for the following resources to reduce their size by 1.6KiB (12% reduction).

Minifying https://dav-shop.de/ could save 1.6KiB (12% reduction) after compression.

dav-shop.de Desktop Resources

Total Resources46
Number of Hosts3
Static Resources35
JavaScript Resources11
CSS Resources3

dav-shop.de Desktop Resource Breakdown

dav-shop.de mobile page speed rank

Last tested: 2019-09-02


Mobile Speed Bad
0/100

dav-shop.de Mobile Speed Test Quick Summary


priority - 1166 Optimize images

Properly formatting and compressing images can save many bytes of data.

Optimize the following images to reduce their size by 11.1MiB (98% reduction).

Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/411776_2.png could save 2.8MiB (99% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430129_2.png could save 1.6MiB (98% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU051_2j.png could save 828.2KiB (97% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430260_z4s.png could save 771.8KiB (98% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU002_2.png could save 634.5KiB (98% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/490086_2n.jpg could save 576.6KiB (99% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT014/450102_2n.png could save 549.8KiB (97% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430237_2n.png could save 423.7KiB (98% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/490089_2n.jpg could save 400.8KiB (99% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/411670_2n.png could save 384.8KiB (98% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU011_2.png could save 380.3KiB (97% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430238_2n.png could save 371.1KiB (98% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU012_2.png could save 354KiB (97% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/490031_2n.png could save 343.1KiB (97% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430197_2n.jpg could save 310.4KiB (99% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430195_2n.jpg could save 267.1KiB (99% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430215_2.png could save 181.5KiB (97% reduction).
Compressing https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT007/490009_3.JPG could save 75.6KiB (78% reduction).

priority - 56 Eliminate render-blocking JavaScript and CSS in above-the-fold content

Your page has 10 blocking script resources and 3 blocking CSS resources. This causes a delay in rendering your page.

None of the above-the-fold content on your page could be rendered without waiting for the following resources to load. Try to defer or asynchronously load blocking resources, or inline the critical portions of those resources directly in the HTML.

Remove render-blocking JavaScript:

https://dav-shop.de/javascript/lib/AdapterUtils.js
https://dav-shop.de/javascript/lib/MenuAdapter.js
https://dav-shop.de/bundles/MsAjaxJs?v=c42ygB2U07n…GVu4Rr2gsBo7MvUEnJeZ81
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/jquery-2.2.4.js
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/jquery-ui-1.12.1.js
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/less-1.5.1.js
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/fastclick.js
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/bootstrap.js
https://dav-shop.de/bundles/WebFormsJs?v=AAyiAYwMf…qfU5exDukMVhrRuZ-PDU01
https://dav-shop.de/bundles/ntn?v=U3BDVl-T6vKA1enN…ebtkJe7MIpsXJUWr8KKTw1

Optimize CSS Delivery of the following:

https://dav-shop.de/Styles/default.css
https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/jquery-ui.css
https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/jquery.ui.autocomplete.css

priority - 29 Minify CSS

Compacting CSS code can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.

Minify CSS for the following resources to reduce their size by 285.1KiB (82% reduction).

Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Styles/default.css could save 283.6KiB (83% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/jquery-ui.css could save 1.3KiB (23% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/jquery.ui.autocomplete.css could save 152B (65% reduction) after compression.

priority - 22 Leverage browser caching

Setting an expiry date or a maximum age in the HTTP headers for static resources instructs the browser to load previously downloaded resources from local disk rather than over the network.

Leverage browser caching for the following cacheable resources:

https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/bootstrap.js (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/fastclick.js (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/jquery-2.2.4.js (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/jquery-ui-1.12.1.js (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/less-1.5.1.js (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Styles/default.css (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/imag…t_75_ffffff_40x100.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/jquery-ui.css (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/Styles/jquery/themes/base/jquery.ui.autocomplete.css (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT000/HeadBackground_Pt1.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT007/490009_3.JPG (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/411670_2n.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/411776_2.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430129_2.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430195_2n.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430197_2n.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430215_2.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430237_2n.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430238_2n.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/430260_z4s.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/490031_2n.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/490086_2n.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/490089_2n.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU002_2.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU011_2.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU012_2.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT013/9JU051_2j.png (expiration not specified)
https://dav-shop.de/SupplyImages/DAT014/450102_2n.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js (2 hours)

priority - 11 Minify JavaScript

Compacting JavaScript code can save many bytes of data and speed up downloading, parsing, and execution time.

Minify JavaScript for the following resources to reduce their size by 110.5KiB (41% reduction).

Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/jquery-ui-1.12.1.js could save 46.2KiB (38% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/jquery-2.2.4.js could save 37.5KiB (50% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/less-1.5.1.js could save 18.9KiB (37% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/fastclick.js could save 4.6KiB (62% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/Scripts/bootstrap.js could save 3.1KiB (23% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://dav-shop.de/javascript/lib/MenuAdapter.js could save 231B (22% reduction) after compression.

priority - 3 Reduce server response time

In our test, your server responded in 0.41 seconds.

There are many factors that can slow down your server response time. Please read our recommendations to learn how you can monitor and measure where your server is spending the most time.

priority - 0 Minify HTML

Compacting HTML code, including any inline JavaScript and CSS contained in it, can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.

Minify HTML for the following resources to reduce their size by 1.6KiB (12% reduction).

Minifying https://dav-shop.de/ could save 1.6KiB (12% reduction) after compression.

dav-shop.de Mobile Resources

Total Resources46
Number of Hosts3
Static Resources35
JavaScript Resources11
CSS Resources3

dav-shop.de Mobile Resource Breakdown

dav-shop.de mobile page usability

Last tested: 2019-09-02


Mobile Usability Good
97/100

dav-shop.de Mobile Usability Test Quick Summary


priority - 2 Size tap targets appropriately

Some of the links/buttons on your webpage may be too small for a user to easily tap on a touchscreen. Consider making these tap targets larger to provide a better user experience.

The following tap targets are close to other nearby tap targets and may need additional spacing around them.

The tap target <a id="skiptocontent" href="#MainSection">_skiptocontentlabel (!)</a> and 1 others are close to other tap targets.

The tap target <a id="skiptocontent" href="#MainSection">_skiptocontentlabel (!)</a> and 3 others are close to other tap targets.

The tap target <a href="https://www.da…gename=aboutus" class="gray">Über uns</a> and 4 others are close to other tap targets.

dav-shop.de similar domains

Similar domains:
www.dav-shop.com
www.dav-shop.net
www.dav-shop.org
www.dav-shop.info
www.dav-shop.biz
www.dav-shop.us
www.dav-shop.mobi
www.av-shop.de
www.dav-shop.de
www.xav-shop.de
www.dxav-shop.de
www.xdav-shop.de
www.sav-shop.de
www.dsav-shop.de
www.sdav-shop.de
www.eav-shop.de
www.deav-shop.de
www.edav-shop.de
www.rav-shop.de
www.drav-shop.de
www.rdav-shop.de
www.fav-shop.de
www.dfav-shop.de
www.fdav-shop.de
www.cav-shop.de
www.dcav-shop.de
www.cdav-shop.de
www.dv-shop.de
www.dqv-shop.de
www.daqv-shop.de
www.dqav-shop.de
www.dwv-shop.de
www.dawv-shop.de
www.dwav-shop.de
www.dsv-shop.de
www.dasv-shop.de
www.dzv-shop.de
www.dazv-shop.de
www.dzav-shop.de
www.da-shop.de
www.dac-shop.de
www.davc-shop.de
www.dacv-shop.de
www.daf-shop.de
www.davf-shop.de
www.dafv-shop.de
www.dag-shop.de
www.davg-shop.de
www.dagv-shop.de
www.dab-shop.de
www.davb-shop.de
www.dabv-shop.de
www.davshop.de
www.dav-hop.de
www.dav-whop.de
www.dav-swhop.de
www.dav-wshop.de
www.dav-ehop.de
www.dav-sehop.de
www.dav-eshop.de
www.dav-dhop.de
www.dav-sdhop.de
www.dav-dshop.de
www.dav-zhop.de
www.dav-szhop.de
www.dav-zshop.de
www.dav-xhop.de
www.dav-sxhop.de
www.dav-xshop.de
www.dav-ahop.de
www.dav-sahop.de
www.dav-ashop.de
www.dav-sop.de
www.dav-sbop.de
www.dav-shbop.de
www.dav-sbhop.de
www.dav-sgop.de
www.dav-shgop.de
www.dav-sghop.de
www.dav-syop.de
www.dav-shyop.de
www.dav-syhop.de
www.dav-suop.de
www.dav-shuop.de
www.dav-suhop.de
www.dav-sjop.de
www.dav-shjop.de
www.dav-sjhop.de
www.dav-snop.de
www.dav-shnop.de
www.dav-snhop.de
www.dav-shp.de
www.dav-ship.de
www.dav-shoip.de
www.dav-shiop.de
www.dav-shkp.de
www.dav-shokp.de
www.dav-shkop.de
www.dav-shlp.de
www.dav-sholp.de
www.dav-shlop.de
www.dav-shpp.de
www.dav-shopp.de
www.dav-shpop.de
www.dav-sho.de
www.dav-shoo.de
www.dav-shopo.de
www.dav-shoop.de
www.dav-shol.de
www.dav-shopl.de

dav-shop.de Ping

Ping is a networking utility tool to test if a particular host is reachable. It is a diagnostic that checks reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. In a computer network, a ping test is a way of sending messages from one host to another. Aside from checking if the host is connected to a network, ping also gives indicators of the reliability and general speed of the connection.


dav-shop.de TRACEROUTE

Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool used to track the pathway taken by a packet on an IP network from source to destination. Traceroute also records the time taken for each hop the packet makes during its route to the destination. Traceroute uses ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo packets with variable time to live values. The response time of each hop is calculated. To guarantee accuracy, each hop is queried multiple times (usually three times) to better measure the response of that particular hop.