LEP.CO.UK Lancashire Evening Post


lep.co.uk website information.

lep.co.uk domain name is registered by .UK top-level domain registry. See the other sites registred in .UK domain zone.

Following name servers are specified for lep.co.uk domain:

  • ns2.johnstonpress.co.uk
  • ns1.johnstonpress.co.uk

and probably website lep.co.uk is hosted by AMAZON-02 - Amazon.com, Inc., US web hosting company. Check the complete list of other most popular websites hosted by AMAZON-02 - Amazon.com, Inc., US hosting company.

According to Alexa traffic rank the highest website lep.co.uk position was 19496 (in the world). The lowest Alexa rank position was 19852. Now website lep.co.uk ranked in Alexa database as number 19852 (in the world).

Website lep.co.uk Desktop speed measurement score (62/100) is better than the results of 38.44% of other sites shows that the page desktop performance can be improved.

lep.co.uk Mobile usability score (99/100) is better than the results of 79.46% of other sites and means that the page is mobile-friendly.

Mobile speed measurement score of lep.co.uk (60/100) is better than the results of 54.7% of other sites and shows that the landing page performance on mobile devices is poor and can be improved.

Weekly Rank Report

DateRankChange
Nov-15-2024 19,852-92
Nov-14-2024 19,760-148
Nov-13-2024 19,6120
Nov-12-2024 19,6120
Nov-11-2024 19,6120
Nov-10-2024 19,61247
Nov-09-2024 19,659-69

Advertisement

lep.co.uk Rank History

Alexa can identify the popularity of a website as well as its competitors. It is important for website owners and bloggers to know their Alexa ranking because it shows how many visitors have viewed their web page. It gives them a clear idea of how popular their website is on the internet and the ranking of their competitors.



lep.co.uk whois

WHOIS is a query and response protocol that is widely used for querying databases that store the registered users or assignees of an Internet resource, such as a domain name, an IP address block, or an autonomous system, but is also used for a wider range of other information.


Domain name:
lep.co.uk

Data validation:
Nominet was able to match the registrant's name and address against a 3rd party data source on 24-May-2023

Registrar:
Team Blue Internet Services UK Limited [Tag = NAMESCO]
URL: https://www.names.co.uk

Relevant dates:
Registered on: 17-Jul-1997
Expiry date: 17-Jul-2025
Last updated: 23-Jul-2024

Registration status:
Registered until expiry date.

Name servers:
ns-cloud-c1.googledomains.com
ns-cloud-c2.googledomains.com
ns-cloud-c3.googledomains.com
ns-cloud-c4.googledomains.com

WHOIS lookup made at 11:07:27 22-Sep-2024

--
This WHOIS information is provided for free by Nominet UK the central registry
for .uk domain names. This information and the .uk WHOIS are:

Copyright Nominet UK 1996 - 2024.

You may not access the .uk WHOIS or use any data from it except as permitted
by the terms of use available in full at https://www.nominet.uk/whoisterms,
which includes restrictions on: (A) use of the data for advertising, or its
repackaging, recompilation, redistribution or reuse (B) obscuring, removing
or hiding any or all of this notice and (C) exceeding query rate or volume
limits. The data is provided on an 'as-is' basis and may lag behind the
register. Access may be withdrawn or restricted at any time.

lep.co.uk server information

Servers Location

IP Address
217.135.75.206
Region
England
City
London

lep.co.uk desktop page speed rank

Last tested: 2016-12-12


Desktop Speed Bad
62/100

lep.co.uk Desktop Speed Test Quick Summary


priority - 37 Optimize images

Properly formatting and compressing images can save many bytes of data.

Optimize the following images to reduce their size by 361.3KiB (35% reduction).

Compressing and resizing http://meraxes-cdn.polarmobile.com/image/v1.0.0/bi…6a0c187?v=0436c&w=1000 could save 126.4KiB (98% reduction).
Compressing http://s3.amazonaws.com/ownlocal.adforge.productio…02398/large_images.jpg could save 44.1KiB (26% reduction).
Compressing http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765876/images/242…xmas-slab-1280x296.png could save 41.6KiB (15% reduction).
Compressing http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765876/images/193…0x296.1280x296+0+0.jpg could save 27.8KiB (53% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_400…45376!/image/image.jpg could save 17.8KiB (33% reduction).
Compressing and resizing http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765912/images/372…x250.564x168+41+41.png could save 13.9KiB (95% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_300…50270!/image/image.jpg could save 8.2KiB (35% reduction).
Compressing http://s3.amazonaws.com/ownlocal.adforge.productio…75566/large_images.jpg could save 7.8KiB (15% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…99074!/image/image.jpg could save 6.6KiB (35% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…07693!/image/image.jpg could save 5.3KiB (33% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…43534!/image/image.jpg could save 5KiB (32% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…45376!/image/image.jpg could save 4.9KiB (29% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…35808!/image/image.jpg could save 4.4KiB (31% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…63273!/image/image.jpg could save 4KiB (31% reduction).
Compressing http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/images/user-default.png could save 4KiB (79% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…27697!/image/image.jpg could save 3.8KiB (27% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…87645!/image/image.jpg could save 3.8KiB (33% reduction).
Compressing http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765912/images/1ab…ns.89x40.89x40+0+0.png could save 3.7KiB (49% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…70726!/image/image.jpg could save 3.6KiB (28% reduction).
Compressing http://editorial.jpress.co.uk/web/AuthorBio/Images…100&h=100&mode=stretch could save 3.4KiB (18% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…44000!/image/image.jpg could save 3KiB (27% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…41074!/image/image.jpg could save 2.7KiB (28% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…64521!/image/image.jpg could save 2.5KiB (25% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…42358!/image/image.jpg could save 2.5KiB (24% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…62764!/image/image.jpg could save 2.5KiB (25% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…41258!/image/image.jpg could save 2.4KiB (24% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…00595!/image/image.jpg could save 2.1KiB (32% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…33344!/image/image.jpg could save 2KiB (28% reduction).
Compressing http://res.cloudinary.com/jpress/image/fetch/w_200…08112!/image/image.jpg could save 1.5KiB (13% reduction).

priority - 17 Leverage browser caching

Setting an expiry date or a maximum age in the HTTP headers for static resources instructs the browser to load previously downloaded resources from local disk rather than over the network.

Leverage browser caching for the following cacheable resources:

http://d1xfq2052q7thw.cloudfront.net/1.7.183.js (expiration not specified)
http://libs.de.coremetrics.com/configs/50630000.js (expiration not specified)
http://libs.de.coremetrics.com/eluminate.js (expiration not specified)
http://s3.amazonaws.com/ownlocal.adforge.productio…75474/large_images.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://s3.amazonaws.com/ownlocal.adforge.productio…75566/large_images.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://s3.amazonaws.com/ownlocal.adforge.productio…02398/large_images.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://tags.onscroll.com/07f4365c-4019-4d32-a97f-db9779c445cd/tag.min.js (expiration not specified)
http://tmscdn.de.coremetrics.com/tms/dispatcher-v3.js (expiration not specified)
http://widget-cdn.rpxnow.com/translations/login/en-US (expiration not specified)
http://widgets-cdn.rpxnow.com/load/login.johnstonpress.co.uk (expiration not specified)
https://libs.de.coremetrics.com/ddxlibs/json-min.js (expiration not specified)
https://libs.de.coremetrics.com/ddxlibs/yahoo-min.js (expiration not specified)
http://meraxes-cdn.polarmobile.com/nativeads/v1.4.…1c48ada817702381572667 (2.8 minutes)
http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765876/api_dynamic.js (4 minutes)
http://plugin.mediavoice.com/plugin.js (4.1 minutes)
http://nexus.ensighten.com/johnstonpress/production/Bootstrap.js?v=236 (5 minutes)
http://widget.perfectmarket.com/johnstonpress-network/load.js (5 minutes)
http://cdn.mediavoice.com/nativeads/script/jpress/native-ads-live.js?v=236 (13 minutes)
http://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js (15 minutes)
http://plugin.mediavoice.com/mediaconductor/mc.js (21.1 minutes)
http://cdn.cxense.com/cx.js (60 minutes)
http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/osd.js (60 minutes)
http://script.crazyegg.com/pages/scripts/0018/3606.js?411549 (60 minutes)
http://www.google.com/jsapi (60 minutes)
https://www.google.com/jsapi?autoload=%7B%22module…22%3A%22en%22%7D%5D%7D (60 minutes)
http://gum.criteo.com/sync?c=2&r=2&j=rp_onCRUserIdLoaded (60 minutes)
http://gum.criteo.com/sync?c=2&r=2&j=rp_onUserIdLoaded_548830_57 (60 minutes)
http://gum.criteo.com/sync?c=2&r=2&j=rp_onUserIdLoaded_548836_15 (60 minutes)
http://gum.criteo.com/sync?c=2&r=2&j=rp_onUserIdLoaded_548838_15 (60 minutes)
http://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js (2 hours)
http://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js (2 hours)
http://www.google-analytics.com/ga.js (2 hours)
http://ads.rubiconproject.com/ad/11022.js (3 hours)
http://ads.rubiconproject.com/header/11022.js (3.3 hours)
http://editorial.jpress.co.uk/web/AuthorBio/Images…100&h=100&mode=stretch (4 hours)
https://z.moatads.com/mediaforcedfp17747281700/moatad.js (7.7 hours)
http://js.moatads.com/polar822lQSh10/moatad.js?moa…ton.jp&_=1481579029893 (11.1 hours)

priority - 8 Eliminate render-blocking JavaScript and CSS in above-the-fold content

Your page has 10 blocking script resources and 8 blocking CSS resources. This causes a delay in rendering your page.

None of the above-the-fold content on your page could be rendered without waiting for the following resources to load. Try to defer or asynchronously load blocking resources, or inline the critical portions of those resources directly in the HTML.

Remove render-blocking JavaScript:

http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/vendor/jquery-1.11.3.min.js?v=236
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/bundles/jquery.bundle.min.js?v=236
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/bundles/html5.bundle.min.js?v=236
http://libs.de.coremetrics.com/eluminate.js
http://tmscdn.de.coremetrics.com/tms/50630000/head.js?__t=1481579029819
http://nexus.ensighten.com/johnstonpress/production/Bootstrap.js?v=236
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/vendor/cloudina…loudinary.min.js?v=236
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/modules/mobileB…nnerStickyRes.js?v=236
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/janrain/janrain.min.js?v=236
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/modules/janrain_new/init-login.js?v=236

Optimize CSS Delivery of the following:

http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/css/lep-core.css?v=236
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/css/lep/scribble-daily…--responsive.css?v=236
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/css/lep/slabs--responsive.css?v=236
http://www.google.com/uds/api/search/1.0/0c3990ce7…873c9b6/default+en.css
https://www.google.com/cse/style/look/v2/default.css
https://d3hmp0045zy3cs.cloudfront.net/2.2.22/providers.css
https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:400,500
https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:400,500

priority - 2 Prioritize visible content

Your page requires additional network round trips to render the above-the-fold content. For best performance, reduce the amount of HTML needed to render above-the-fold content.

The entire HTML response was not sufficient to render the above-the-fold content. This usually indicates that additional resources, loaded after HTML parsing, were required to render above-the-fold content. Prioritize visible content that is needed for rendering above-the-fold by including it directly in the HTML response.

Only about 66% of the final above-the-fold content could be rendered with the full HTML response.

priority - 1 Enable compression

Compressing resources with gzip or deflate can reduce the number of bytes sent over the network.

Enable compression for the following resources to reduce their transfer size by 8KiB (54% reduction).

Compressing http://tags.onscroll.com/07f4365c-4019-4d32-a97f-db9779c445cd/tag.min.js could save 6.6KiB (55% reduction).
Compressing http://flapi2.rubiconproject.com/a/api/fastlane.js…nd=0.06666233041323721 could save 1.4KiB (50% reduction).

priority - 0 Minify CSS

Compacting CSS code can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.

Minify CSS for the following resources to reduce their size by 4.5KiB (35% reduction).

Minifying http://www.google.com/uds/api/search/1.0/0c3990ce7…873c9b6/default+en.css could save 3.9KiB (40% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://cse.google.com/cse/style/look/v2/default.css could save 554B (18% reduction) after compression.

lep.co.uk Desktop Resources

Total Resources229
Number of Hosts87
Static Resources120
JavaScript Resources98
CSS Resources7

lep.co.uk Desktop Resource Breakdown

lep.co.uk mobile page speed rank

Last tested: 2017-05-02


Mobile Speed Bad
60/100

lep.co.uk Mobile Speed Test Quick Summary


priority - 32 Eliminate render-blocking JavaScript and CSS in above-the-fold content

Your page has 8 blocking script resources and 2 blocking CSS resources. This causes a delay in rendering your page.

None of the above-the-fold content on your page could be rendered without waiting for the following resources to load. Try to defer or asynchronously load blocking resources, or inline the critical portions of those resources directly in the HTML.

Remove render-blocking JavaScript:

http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/vendor/jquery-1.11.3.min.js?v=282
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/bundles/jquery.bundle.min.js?v=282
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/bundles/html5.bundle.min.js?v=282
http://libs.de.coremetrics.com/eluminate.js
http://tmscdn.de.coremetrics.com/tms/50630000/head.js?__t=1493738301419
http://nexus.ensighten.com/johnstonpress/production/Bootstrap.js?v=282
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/textfill.js
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/vendor/cloudina…loudinary.min.js?v=282

Optimize CSS Delivery of the following:

http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/css/lep-core.css?v=282
http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/css/lep/slabs--responsive.css?v=282

priority - 21 Leverage browser caching

Setting an expiry date or a maximum age in the HTTP headers for static resources instructs the browser to load previously downloaded resources from local disk rather than over the network.

Leverage browser caching for the following cacheable resources:

http://d1xfq2052q7thw.cloudfront.net/1.7.183.js (expiration not specified)
http://libs.de.coremetrics.com/configs/50630000.js (expiration not specified)
http://libs.de.coremetrics.com/eluminate.js (expiration not specified)
http://load.s3.amazonaws.com/pixel.gif (expiration not specified)
http://tmscdn.de.coremetrics.com/tms/dispatcher-v3.js (expiration not specified)
http://widget-cdn.rpxnow.com/translations/login/en-US (expiration not specified)
http://widgets-cdn.rpxnow.com/load/login.johnstonpress.co.uk (expiration not specified)
https://libs.de.coremetrics.com/ddxlibs/json-min.js (expiration not specified)
https://libs.de.coremetrics.com/ddxlibs/yahoo-min.js (expiration not specified)
https://localfusion.secure.ownlocal.com/img/upload…79506/large_images.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://localfusion.secure.ownlocal.com/img/upload…79758/large_images.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://localfusion.secure.ownlocal.com/img/upload…79784/large_images.jpg (expiration not specified)
http://meraxes-cdn.polarmobile.com/nativeads/v1.4.…204c4b95f3ae8b939072f3 (15 seconds)
http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765876/api_dynamic.js (5 minutes)
http://nexus.ensighten.com/johnstonpress/production/Bootstrap.js?v=282 (5 minutes)
http://widget.perfectmarket.com/johnstonpress-network/load.js (5 minutes)
https://d1lqe9temigv1p.cloudfront.net/widget_data/…au:en-US:HEAD:standard (5 minutes)
http://cdn.mediavoice.com/nativeads/script/jpress/native-ads-live.js?v=282 (9 minutes)
http://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js (15 minutes)
http://cdn.cxense.com/cx.js (60 minutes)
http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/osd.js (60 minutes)
http://www.google.com/jsapi (60 minutes)
https://www.google.com/jsapi?autoload=%7B%22module…22%3A%22en%22%7D%5D%7D (60 minutes)
http://plugin.mediavoice.com/mediaconductor/mc.js (65.3 minutes)
http://plugin.mediavoice.com/plugin.js (118.2 minutes)
http://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js (2 hours)
http://cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/johnstonpress-network/loader.js (4 hours)
http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765876/images/1af…_Partnership_white.png (4.7 hours)
http://js.moatads.com/polar822lQSh10/moatad.js?moa…ton.jp&_=1493738301461 (5.7 hours)
http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765876/images/67b…ting_ad_background.png (7.4 hours)
http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765912/images/372…x250.564x168+41+41.png (8.9 hours)
http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765876/api_static.js (9 hours)
http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765876/images/ad5…go_full_width_2017.png (10.4 hours)

priority - 16 Optimize images

Properly formatting and compressing images can save many bytes of data.

Optimize the following images to reduce their size by 156.4KiB (31% reduction).

Compressing https://localfusion.secure.ownlocal.com/img/upload…79758/large_images.jpg could save 47KiB (32% reduction).
Compressing https://localfusion.secure.ownlocal.com/img/upload…79506/large_images.jpg could save 40.5KiB (29% reduction).
Compressing http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765876/images/aa2…0x296.1280x296+0+0.jpg could save 23.3KiB (55% reduction).
Compressing https://localfusion.secure.ownlocal.com/img/upload…79784/large_images.jpg could save 18.6KiB (15% reduction).
Compressing http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765876/images/1af…_Partnership_white.png could save 17.1KiB (80% reduction).
Compressing http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765912/images/372…x250.564x168+41+41.png could save 4.4KiB (31% reduction).
Compressing http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/images/user-default.png could save 2.8KiB (56% reduction).
Compressing http://cdn.dynamicyield.com/api/8765876/images/ad5…go_full_width_2017.png could save 2.7KiB (52% reduction).

priority - 1 Enable compression

Compressing resources with gzip or deflate can reduce the number of bytes sent over the network.

Enable compression for the following resources to reduce their transfer size by 7.6KiB (50% reduction).

Compressing http://flapi1.rubiconproject.com/a/api/fastlane.js…nd=0.03018873347900808 could save 1.3KiB (50% reduction).
Compressing http://flapi2.rubiconproject.com/a/api/fastlane.js…and=0.4104638355784118 could save 1.3KiB (50% reduction).
Compressing http://flapi2.rubiconproject.com/a/api/fastlane.js…and=0.2530476446263492 could save 1.3KiB (50% reduction).
Compressing http://fastlane.rubiconproject.com/a/api/fastlane.…and=0.3813118648249656 could save 1.3KiB (50% reduction).
Compressing http://fastlane.rubiconproject.com/a/api/fastlane.…and=0.6278184612747282 could save 1.3KiB (50% reduction).
Compressing http://flapi1.rubiconproject.com/a/api/fastlane.js…and=0.4842551846522838 could save 1.3KiB (50% reduction).

priority - 0 Minify CSS

Compacting CSS code can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.

Minify CSS for the following resources to reduce their size by 4.4KiB (35% reduction).

Minifying http://www.google.com/uds/api/search/1.0/584853a42…7d97114/default+en.css could save 3.9KiB (40% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://www.google.com/cse/static/style/look/v2/default.css could save 555B (18% reduction) after compression.

priority - 0 Minify JavaScript

Compacting JavaScript code can save many bytes of data and speed up downloading, parsing, and execution time.

Minify JavaScript for the following resources to reduce their size by 1.7KiB (60% reduction).

Minifying http://www.lep.co.uk/assets/script/textfill.js could save 1.7KiB (60% reduction) after compression.

lep.co.uk Mobile Resources

Total Resources240
Number of Hosts89
Static Resources114
JavaScript Resources96
CSS Resources6

lep.co.uk Mobile Resource Breakdown

lep.co.uk mobile page usability

Last tested: 2017-05-02


Mobile Usability Good
99/100

lep.co.uk Mobile Usability Test Quick Summary


priority - 0 Size tap targets appropriately

Some of the links/buttons on your webpage may be too small for a user to easily tap on a touchscreen. Consider making these tap targets larger to provide a better user experience.

The following tap targets are close to other nearby tap targets and may need additional spacing around them.

The tap target <a href="http://www.lep…rash-1-8521865" class="teaser__link-secondary"></a> is close to 2 other tap targets.

The tap target <a href="http://www.lep…#comments-area" class="teaser__comments-link">7</a> is close to 2 other tap targets.

The tap target <a href="http://local.l…e-01200-401038" class="ownlocal-business-link">Homes Mill Clitheroe</a> and 2 others are close to other tap targets.
The tap target <img id="_evh-ric-c" src="https://c.betr…/ric-close.png"> is close to 2 other tap targets.

lep.co.uk similar domains

Similar domains:
www.lep.com
www.lep.net
www.lep.org
www.lep.info
www.lep.biz
www.lep.us
www.lep.mobi
www.ep.co.uk
www.lep.co.uk
www.pep.co.uk
www.lpep.co.uk
www.plep.co.uk
www.oep.co.uk
www.loep.co.uk
www.olep.co.uk
www.kep.co.uk
www.lkep.co.uk
www.klep.co.uk
www.lp.co.uk
www.lwp.co.uk
www.lewp.co.uk
www.lwep.co.uk
www.lsp.co.uk
www.lesp.co.uk
www.lsep.co.uk
www.ldp.co.uk
www.ledp.co.uk
www.ldep.co.uk
www.lrp.co.uk
www.lerp.co.uk
www.lrep.co.uk
www.le.co.uk
www.leo.co.uk
www.lepo.co.uk
www.leop.co.uk
www.lel.co.uk
www.lepl.co.uk
www.lelp.co.uk

lep.co.uk Ping

Ping is a networking utility tool to test if a particular host is reachable. It is a diagnostic that checks reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. In a computer network, a ping test is a way of sending messages from one host to another. Aside from checking if the host is connected to a network, ping also gives indicators of the reliability and general speed of the connection.


lep.co.uk TRACEROUTE

Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool used to track the pathway taken by a packet on an IP network from source to destination. Traceroute also records the time taken for each hop the packet makes during its route to the destination. Traceroute uses ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo packets with variable time to live values. The response time of each hop is calculated. To guarantee accuracy, each hop is queried multiple times (usually three times) to better measure the response of that particular hop.