ASTRONOMY.RU Астрофорум – астрономический портал


astronomy.ru website information.

astronomy.ru domain name is registered by .RU top-level domain registry. See the other sites registred in .RU domain zone.

Following name servers are specified for astronomy.ru domain:

  • ns8-l2.nic.ru
  • ns3-l2.nic.ru
  • ns8-cloud.nic.ru
  • ns4-cloud.nic.ru

and probably website astronomy.ru is hosted by FASTLY - Fastly, US web hosting company. Check the complete list of other most popular websites hosted by FASTLY - Fastly, US hosting company.

According to Alexa traffic rank the highest website astronomy.ru position was 234467 (in the world). The lowest Alexa rank position was 252980. Now website astronomy.ru ranked in Alexa database as number 248737 (in the world).

Website astronomy.ru Desktop speed measurement score (80/100) is better than the results of 69.89% of other sites and shows that the page is performing great on desktop computers.

astronomy.ru Mobile usability score (64/100) is better than the results of 11.2% of other sites and shows that the page mobile usability is poor and can be improved.

Mobile speed measurement score of astronomy.ru (64/100) is better than the results of 64.03% of other sites and shows that the landing page performance on mobile devices is poor and can be improved.

Weekly Rank Report

DateRankChange
Nov-28-2024 248,737-3,303
Nov-27-2024 245,4347,458
Nov-26-2024 252,892-3,702
Nov-25-2024 249,190-4,585
Nov-24-2024 244,605-504
Nov-23-2024 244,1014,813
Nov-22-2024 248,914-2,233

Advertisement

astronomy.ru Rank History

Alexa can identify the popularity of a website as well as its competitors. It is important for website owners and bloggers to know their Alexa ranking because it shows how many visitors have viewed their web page. It gives them a clear idea of how popular their website is on the internet and the ranking of their competitors.



astronomy.ru whois

WHOIS is a query and response protocol that is widely used for querying databases that store the registered users or assignees of an Internet resource, such as a domain name, an IP address block, or an autonomous system, but is also used for a wider range of other information.


% TCI Whois Service. Terms of use:
% https://tcinet.ru/documents/whois_ru_rf.pdf (in Russian)
% https://tcinet.ru/documents/whois_su.pdf (in Russian)

domain: ASTRONOMY.RU
nserver: ns3-l2.nic.ru.
nserver: ns4-cloud.nic.ru.
nserver: ns4-l2.nic.ru.
nserver: ns8-cloud.nic.ru.
nserver: ns8-l2.nic.ru.
state: REGISTERED, DELEGATED, VERIFIED
person: Private Person
registrar: RU-CENTER-RU
admin-contact: https://www.nic.ru/whois
created: 1999-10-15T13:14:50Z
paid-till: 2024-10-31T21:00:00Z
free-date: 2024-12-02
source: TCI

Last updated on 2024-09-13T08:36:31Z

astronomy.ru server information

Servers Location

IP Address
93.95.103.250
Region
Moskva
City
Moscow

astronomy.ru desktop page speed rank

Last tested: 2016-10-10


Desktop Speed Medium
80/100

astronomy.ru Desktop Speed Test Quick Summary


priority - 8 Eliminate render-blocking JavaScript and CSS in above-the-fold content

Your page has 5 blocking script resources and 3 blocking CSS resources. This causes a delay in rendering your page.

None of the above-the-fold content on your page could be rendered without waiting for the following resources to load. Try to defer or asynchronously load blocking resources, or inline the critical portions of those resources directly in the HTML.

Remove render-blocking JavaScript:

http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/script.js?fin20
http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/theme.js?fin20
http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/portal.js?234
http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/sha1.js
http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/SearchFocus.js

Optimize CSS Delivery of the following:

http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/css/index.css?fin2011
http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/css/webkit.css
http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/css/portal.css

priority - 8 Optimize images

Properly formatting and compressing images can save many bytes of data.

Optimize the following images to reduce their size by 71.7KiB (64% reduction).

Compressing and resizing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_10487.jpg could save 17KiB (96% reduction).
Compressing and resizing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_16422.jpg could save 12.9KiB (96% reduction).
Compressing and resizing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_1694_1462192107.png could save 12.8KiB (83% reduction).
Compressing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/images/theme/main_block.png could save 8.8KiB (29% reduction).
Compressing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/images/theme/menu_gfx.png could save 7.8KiB (62% reduction).
Compressing and resizing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_10024_1443879731.png could save 3.9KiB (69% reduction).
Compressing and resizing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_967_1439889852.jpeg could save 1.9KiB (78% reduction).
Compressing and resizing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_59035_1455807843.jpeg could save 1.7KiB (71% reduction).
Compressing and resizing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_20483_1307138501.jpeg could save 1.4KiB (74% reduction).
Compressing and resizing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_57078_1439297154.jpeg could save 1.3KiB (74% reduction).
Compressing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/images/astronom.png could save 1.2KiB (54% reduction).
Compressing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/images/post/clip.gif could save 625B (71% reduction).
Compressing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=…sa=media;id=9740;thumb could save 515B (14% reduction).

priority - 5 Enable compression

Compressing resources with gzip or deflate can reduce the number of bytes sent over the network.

Enable compression for the following resources to reduce their transfer size by 47.3KiB (70% reduction).

Compressing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/script.js?fin20 could save 33.7KiB (72% reduction).
Compressing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/portal.js?234 could save 7.3KiB (73% reduction).
Compressing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/sha1.js could save 3.2KiB (59% reduction).
Compressing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/theme.js?fin20 could save 2.2KiB (61% reduction).
Compressing http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/SearchFocus.js could save 837B (61% reduction).

priority - 2 Minify JavaScript

Compacting JavaScript code can save many bytes of data and speed up downloading, parsing, and execution time.

Minify JavaScript for the following resources to reduce their size by 16.3KiB (25% reduction).

Minifying http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/script.js?fin20 could save 11.3KiB (25% reduction).
Minifying http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/sha1.js could save 2.4KiB (46% reduction).
Minifying http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/portal.js?234 could save 1.5KiB (16% reduction).
Minifying http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/theme.js?fin20 could save 1KiB (29% reduction).

priority - 0 Leverage browser caching

Setting an expiry date or a maximum age in the HTTP headers for static resources instructs the browser to load previously downloaded resources from local disk rather than over the network.

Leverage browser caching for the following cacheable resources:

https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/watch.js (60 minutes)

priority - 0 Minify CSS

Compacting CSS code can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.

Minify CSS for the following resources to reduce their size by 3.6KiB (28% reduction).

Minifying http://www.astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/css/index.css?fin2011 could save 3.6KiB (28% reduction) after compression.

priority - 0 Reduce server response time

In our test, your server responded in 0.21 seconds. There are many factors that can slow down your server response time. Please read our recommendations to learn how you can monitor and measure where your server is spending the most time.

astronomy.ru Desktop Resources

Total Resources46
Number of Hosts6
Static Resources39
JavaScript Resources7
CSS Resources3

astronomy.ru Desktop Resource Breakdown

astronomy.ru mobile page speed rank

Last tested: 2019-12-14


Mobile Speed Bad
64/100

astronomy.ru Mobile Speed Test Quick Summary


priority - 40 Eliminate render-blocking JavaScript and CSS in above-the-fold content

Your page has 6 blocking script resources and 3 blocking CSS resources. This causes a delay in rendering your page.

None of the above-the-fold content on your page could be rendered without waiting for the following resources to load. Try to defer or asynchronously load blocking resources, or inline the critical portions of those resources directly in the HTML.

Remove render-blocking JavaScript:

https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/script.js?fin20
https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/theme.js?fin20
https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/portal.js?234
https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/ads.js?111
https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/sha1.js
https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/SearchFocus.js

Optimize CSS Delivery of the following:

https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/css/index.css?fin2011
https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/css/webkit.css
https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/css/portal.css

priority - 7 Optimize images

Properly formatting and compressing images can save many bytes of data.

Optimize the following images to reduce their size by 72.7KiB (36% reduction).

Compressing http://wwwcdn.skyandtelescope.com/wp-content/uploa…2018-Lunar-Eclipse.jpg could save 37.7KiB (50% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/images/2019_04_07_telescopy_zdes.jpg could save 15.1KiB (43% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/banners/banner_astronom.jpg could save 6.5KiB (15% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/images/theme/menu_gfx.png could save 6.3KiB (50% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/images/astronom.png could save 861B (40% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/images/post/clip.gif could save 724B (82% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_5599.jpeg could save 444B (20% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=h25…a=media;id=13685;thumb could save 441B (23% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=h25…a=media;in=10295;thumb could save 434B (25% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_9198_1524523941.jpeg could save 424B (18% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=h25…a=media;id=13687;thumb could save 419B (34% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=h25…a=media;id=13683;thumb could save 410B (16% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_10024_1570866299.jpeg could save 398B (11% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=h25…a=media;id=13686;thumb could save 394B (27% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_36695_1564922463.jpeg could save 388B (16% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_967_1487437048.jpeg could save 387B (17% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_22558_1564083203.jpeg could save 380B (19% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/avatars_users/avatar_15679.jpeg could save 376B (14% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/index.php?PHPSESSID=h25…a=media;id=13684;thumb could save 368B (17% reduction).
Compressing https://mc.yandex.ru/informer/18541831/3_1_FFFFFFFF_EFEFEFFF_0_pageviews could save 223B (17% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/images/upshrink.png could save 133B (28% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/images/upshrink2.png could save 127B (27% reduction).

priority - 5 Enable compression

Compressing resources with gzip or deflate can reduce the number of bytes sent over the network.

Enable compression for the following resources to reduce their transfer size by 47.3KiB (70% reduction).

Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/script.js?fin20 could save 33.7KiB (72% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/portal.js?234 could save 7.3KiB (73% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/sha1.js could save 3.2KiB (59% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/theme.js?fin20 could save 2.2KiB (61% reduction).
Compressing https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/SearchFocus.js could save 837B (61% reduction).

priority - 3 Reduce server response time

In our test, your server responded in 0.39 seconds.

There are many factors that can slow down your server response time. Please read our recommendations to learn how you can monitor and measure where your server is spending the most time.

priority - 2 Leverage browser caching

Setting an expiry date or a maximum age in the HTTP headers for static resources instructs the browser to load previously downloaded resources from local disk rather than over the network.

Leverage browser caching for the following cacheable resources:

http://wwwcdn.skyandtelescope.com/wp-content/uploa…2018-Lunar-Eclipse.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/advert.gif (60 minutes)
https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/watch.js (60 minutes)

priority - 2 Minify JavaScript

Compacting JavaScript code can save many bytes of data and speed up downloading, parsing, and execution time.

Minify JavaScript for the following resources to reduce their size by 16.6KiB (25% reduction).

Minifying https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/script.js?fin20 could save 11.3KiB (25% reduction).
Minifying https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/sha1.js could save 2.4KiB (46% reduction).
Minifying https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/portal.js?234 could save 1.5KiB (16% reduction).
Minifying https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/theme.js?fin20 could save 1KiB (29% reduction).
Minifying https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/scripts/SearchFocus.js could save 269B (20% reduction).

priority - 0 Minify CSS

Compacting CSS code can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.

Minify CSS for the following resources to reduce their size by 4.1KiB (27% reduction).

Minifying https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/css/index.css?fin2011 could save 3.6KiB (28% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/css/portal.css could save 242B (13% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://astronomy.ru/forum/Themes/default/css/webkit.css could save 218B (77% reduction).

astronomy.ru Mobile Resources

Total Resources49
Number of Hosts5
Static Resources43
JavaScript Resources8
CSS Resources3

astronomy.ru Mobile Resource Breakdown

astronomy.ru mobile page usability

Last tested: 2019-12-14


Mobile Usability Bad
64/100

astronomy.ru Mobile Usability Test Quick Summary


priority - 40 Use legible font sizes

The following text on your page renders in a way that may be difficult for some of your visitors to read. Use legible font sizes to provide a better user experience.

The following text fragments have a small font size. Increase the font size to make them more legible.

Добро пожаловать, and 5 others render only 4 pixels tall (11 CSS pixels).

Гость renders only 4 pixels tall (11 CSS pixels).

письмо с кодом активации and 29 others render only 4 pixels tall (11 CSS pixels).

Новости: renders only 4 pixels tall (11 CSS pixels).

ВНИМАНИЕ! renders only 6 pixels tall (16 CSS pixels).

На форуме нача…есяца ДЕКАБРЬ! renders only 5 pixels tall (13 CSS pixels).

Начало renders only 4 pixels tall (11 CSS pixels).

Регистрация and 7 others render only 4 pixels tall (11 CSS pixels).

Астрофорум – а…ический портал renders only 4 pixels tall (11 CSS pixels).

C/2018 V1 (Мач…альная комета! and 9 others render only 6 pixels tall (15 CSS pixels).

Просмотров: 23…ентариев: 5089 and 79 others render only 4 pixels tall (11 CSS pixels).

Американский л…ов наблюдений. and 40 others render only 5 pixels tall (12 CSS pixels).

https://www.dr…00234.gif?dl=0 and 3 others render only 5 pixels tall (12 CSS pixels).

Написать комментарий and 19 others render only 5 pixels tall (12 CSS pixels).

| and 9 others render only 5 pixels tall (12 CSS pixels).

Денис Денисенко and 2 others render only 4 pixels tall (11 CSS pixels).

Основные момен…мирное время): and 4 others render only 5 pixels tall (12 CSS pixels).

Завтра еду на…тоит подучить? and 26 others render only 5 pixels tall (12 CSS pixels).

Страниц: [ and 1 others render only 5 pixels tall (12 CSS pixels).
1 renders only 5 pixels tall (12 CSS pixels).
След.» and 2 others render only 5 pixels tall (12 CSS pixels).
Новое в галерее and 2 others render only 6 pixels tall (15 CSS pixels).

2019 - Ноябрь-…ческие пейзажl and 14 others render only 4 pixels tall (11 CSS pixels).
Просмотров: 117 and 14 others render only 4 pixels tall (11 CSS pixels).
M106 - Сейфертовская галактика renders only 5 pixels tall (12 CSS pixels).

Сегодня and 19 others render only 4 pixels tall (11 CSS pixels).
SimplePortal 2…, SimplePortal and 9 others render only 4 pixels tall (10 CSS pixels).
| and 1 others render only 4 pixels tall (10 CSS pixels).
/ renders only 4 pixels tall (10 CSS pixels).

priority - 10 Configure the viewport

Your page does not have a viewport specified. This causes mobile devices to render your page as it would appear on a desktop browser, scaling it down to fit on a mobile screen. Configure a viewport to allow your page to render properly on all devices.

Configure a viewport for this page.

priority - 8 Size tap targets appropriately

Some of the links/buttons on your webpage may be too small for a user to easily tap on a touchscreen. Consider making these tap targets larger to provide a better user experience.

The following tap targets are close to other nearby tap targets and may need additional spacing around them.

The tap target <a href="https://astron…9r8r31j8ji3c4&amp;"></a> is close to 1 other tap targets.

The tap target <img id="upshrink" src="https://astron…s/upshrink.png"> is close to 1 other tap targets.

The tap target <a href="https://astron…4&amp;action=login">войдите</a> and 29 others are close to other tap targets.

The tap target <input type="text" name="user" class="input_text"> and 2 others are close to other tap targets.

The tap target <input type="submit" class="button_submit"> and 1 others are close to other tap targets.

The tap target <a href="https://astronomy.ru" class="active firstlevel">Начало</a> is close to 2 other tap targets.

The tap target <a href="https://astronomy.ru" class="active firstlevel">Начало</a> is close to 1 other tap targets.

The tap target <a href="https://astron…9r8r31j8ji3c4&amp;" class="firstlevel">Форум</a> and 6 others are close to other tap targets.

The tap target <a href="https://astron…9r8r31j8ji3c4&amp;" class="firstlevel">Форум</a> and 6 others are close to other tap targets.

The tap target <a href="https://astron…c9r8r31j8ji3c4">Яркая карликов…в Лебеде (8m)</a> and 3 others are close to other tap targets.

The tap target <a href="https://astron…=profile;u=114">Денис Денисенко</a> and 2 others are close to other tap targets.

The tap target <a href="https://astron…c9r8r31j8ji3c4">Читать далее...</a> is close to 1 other tap targets.
The tap target <a href="https://astron…ru?articles=10" class="navPages">2</a> and 2 others are close to other tap targets.
The tap target <a href="https://astron…rofile;u=72857">Max_astro.</a> and 18 others are close to other tap targets.
The tap target <a href="https://astron…r31j8ji3c4#new">Бюллетень пере…везд 2019-2020</a> and 12 others are close to other tap targets.
The tap target <a href="https://metrik…&amp;from=informer"></a> and 1 others are close to other tap targets.
The tap target <a href="http://www.kolobok.us">Kolobok smiles © Aiwan</a> and 9 others are close to other tap targets.

astronomy.ru similar domains

Similar domains:
www.astronomy.com
www.astronomy.net
www.astronomy.org
www.astronomy.info
www.astronomy.biz
www.astronomy.us
www.astronomy.mobi
www.stronomy.ru
www.astronomy.ru
www.qstronomy.ru
www.aqstronomy.ru
www.qastronomy.ru
www.wstronomy.ru
www.awstronomy.ru
www.wastronomy.ru
www.sstronomy.ru
www.asstronomy.ru
www.sastronomy.ru
www.zstronomy.ru
www.azstronomy.ru
www.zastronomy.ru
www.atronomy.ru
www.awtronomy.ru
www.aswtronomy.ru
www.aetronomy.ru
www.asetronomy.ru
www.aestronomy.ru
www.adtronomy.ru
www.asdtronomy.ru
www.adstronomy.ru
www.aztronomy.ru
www.asztronomy.ru
www.axtronomy.ru
www.asxtronomy.ru
www.axstronomy.ru
www.aatronomy.ru
www.asatronomy.ru
www.aastronomy.ru
www.asronomy.ru
www.asrronomy.ru
www.astrronomy.ru
www.asrtronomy.ru
www.asfronomy.ru
www.astfronomy.ru
www.asftronomy.ru
www.asgronomy.ru
www.astgronomy.ru
www.asgtronomy.ru
www.asyronomy.ru
www.astyronomy.ru
www.asytronomy.ru
www.astonomy.ru
www.asteonomy.ru
www.astreonomy.ru
www.asteronomy.ru
www.astdonomy.ru
www.astrdonomy.ru
www.astdronomy.ru
www.astfonomy.ru
www.astrfonomy.ru
www.asttonomy.ru
www.astrtonomy.ru
www.asttronomy.ru
www.astrnomy.ru
www.astrinomy.ru
www.astroinomy.ru
www.astrionomy.ru
www.astrknomy.ru
www.astroknomy.ru
www.astrkonomy.ru
www.astrlnomy.ru
www.astrolnomy.ru
www.astrlonomy.ru
www.astrpnomy.ru
www.astropnomy.ru
www.astrponomy.ru
www.astroomy.ru
www.astrobomy.ru
www.astronbomy.ru
www.astrobnomy.ru
www.astrohomy.ru
www.astronhomy.ru
www.astrohnomy.ru
www.astrojomy.ru
www.astronjomy.ru
www.astrojnomy.ru
www.astromomy.ru
www.astronmomy.ru
www.astromnomy.ru
www.astronmy.ru
www.astronimy.ru
www.astronoimy.ru
www.astroniomy.ru
www.astronkmy.ru
www.astronokmy.ru
www.astronkomy.ru
www.astronlmy.ru
www.astronolmy.ru
www.astronlomy.ru
www.astronpmy.ru
www.astronopmy.ru
www.astronpomy.ru
www.astronoy.ru
www.astronony.ru
www.astronomny.ru
www.astrononmy.ru
www.astronojy.ru
www.astronomjy.ru
www.astronojmy.ru
www.astronoky.ru
www.astronomky.ru
www.astronom.ru
www.astronomt.ru
www.astronomyt.ru
www.astronomty.ru
www.astronomg.ru
www.astronomyg.ru
www.astronomgy.ru
www.astronomh.ru
www.astronomyh.ru
www.astronomhy.ru
www.astronomu.ru
www.astronomyu.ru
www.astronomuy.ru

astronomy.ru Ping

Ping is a networking utility tool to test if a particular host is reachable. It is a diagnostic that checks reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. In a computer network, a ping test is a way of sending messages from one host to another. Aside from checking if the host is connected to a network, ping also gives indicators of the reliability and general speed of the connection.


astronomy.ru TRACEROUTE

Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool used to track the pathway taken by a packet on an IP network from source to destination. Traceroute also records the time taken for each hop the packet makes during its route to the destination. Traceroute uses ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo packets with variable time to live values. The response time of each hop is calculated. To guarantee accuracy, each hop is queried multiple times (usually three times) to better measure the response of that particular hop.