dukeupress.edu website information.
dukeupress.edu domain name is registered by .EDU top-level domain registry. See the other sites registred in .EDU domain zone.
Following name servers are specified for dukeupress.edu domain:
- dns-auth-01.oit.duke.edu
- dns-nc1-01.oit.duke.edu
- dns-auth-02.oit.duke.edu
and probably website dukeupress.edu is hosted by GOOGLE - Google LLC, US web hosting company. Check the complete list of other most popular websites hosted by GOOGLE - Google LLC, US hosting company.
According to Alexa traffic rank the highest website dukeupress.edu position was 4741 (in the world). The lowest Alexa rank position was 5516. Now website dukeupress.edu ranked in Alexa database as number 4847 (in the world).
Website dukeupress.edu Desktop speed measurement score (48/100) is better than the results of 21.82% of other sites shows that the page desktop performance can be improved.
dukeupress.edu Mobile usability score (89/100) is better than the results of 31.01% of other sites and means that the page is mobile-friendly.
Mobile speed measurement score of dukeupress.edu (42/100) is better than the results of 21.5% of other sites and shows that the landing page performance on mobile devices is poor and can be improved.
Weekly Rank Report
| Date | Rank | Change |
|---|---|---|
| Nov-18-2024 | 4,847 | -31 |
| Nov-17-2024 | 4,816 | -37 |
| Nov-16-2024 | 4,779 | 2 |
| Nov-15-2024 | 4,781 | -8 |
| Nov-14-2024 | 4,773 | -6 |
| Nov-13-2024 | 4,767 | 0 |
| Nov-12-2024 | 4,767 | 0 |
Advertisement
dukeupress.edu Rank History
Alexa can identify the popularity of a website as well as its competitors. It is important for website owners and bloggers to know their Alexa ranking because it shows how many visitors have viewed their web page. It gives them a clear idea of how popular their website is on the internet and the ranking of their competitors.
dukeupress.edu whois
WHOIS is a query and response protocol that is widely used for querying databases that store the registered users or assignees of an Internet resource, such as a domain name, an IP address block, or an autonomous system, but is also used for a wider range of other information.
This Registry database contains ONLY .EDU domains.
The data in the EDUCAUSE Whois database is provided
by EDUCAUSE for information purposes in order to
assist in the process of obtaining information about
or related to .edu domain registration records.
The EDUCAUSE Whois database is authoritative for the
.EDU domain.
A Web interface for the .EDU EDUCAUSE Whois Server is
available at: http://whois.educause.edu
By submitting a Whois query, you agree that this information
will not be used to allow, enable, or otherwise support
the transmission of unsolicited commercial advertising or
solicitations via e-mail. The use of electronic processes to
harvest information from this server is generally prohibited
except as reasonably necessary to register or modify .edu
domain names.
-------------------------------------------------------------
Domain Name: DUKEUPRESS.EDU
Registrant:
Duke University Press
905 W. Main Street, Suite 18B
Durham, NC 27701
USA
Administrative Contact:
Michael Brennan
Duke University Press
905 W. Main Street, Suite 18B
Durham, NC 27701
USA
+1.9196873679
itdept@dukeupress.edu
Technical Contact:
Michael Brennan
Duke University Press
905 W. Main Street, Suite 18B
Durham, NC 27701
USA
+1.9196873679
itdept@dukeupress.edu
Name Servers:
DNS-AUTH-02.OIT.DUKE.EDU
DNS-AUTH-01.OIT.DUKE.EDU
DNS-NC1-01.OIT.DUKE.EDU
Domain record activated: 19-Nov-1999
Domain record last updated: 27-Jun-2024
Domain expires: 31-Jul-2026
dukeupress.edu server information
dukeupress.edu desktop page speed rank
Last tested: 2017-01-03
Desktop Speed
Bad
48/100
dukeupress.edu Desktop Speed Test Quick Summary
priority - 74 Optimize images
Properly formatting and compressing images can save many bytes of data.
Optimize the following images to reduce their size by 724.9KiB (68% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6263-0_pr.jpg could save 133.2KiB (89% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6267-8_pr.jpg could save 130.8KiB (84% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6202-9_pr.jpg could save 99.1KiB (82% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6224-1_pr.jpg could save 79.1KiB (85% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6196-1_pr.jpg could save 49.2KiB (75% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/pr/dup_cat_1478714087_cover_S17.jpg could save 47.2KiB (82% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6165-7_pr.jpg could save 43.6KiB (80% reduction).
Compressing https://dukeupress.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/978…23-6286-9_pr.jpg?w=620 could save 35.5KiB (65% reduction).
Compressing https://dukeupress.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/978…6202-9.jpg?w=174&h=261 could save 35KiB (68% reduction).
Compressing https://dukeupress.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/ani…planet-cover.jpg?w=620 could save 26.3KiB (66% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-hd-cover-1.jpg could save 20.5KiB (24% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C1QmP7OXgAAGro9.jpg:small could save 3.4KiB (18% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C1QmP4MWQAA9IeC.jpg:small could save 3.3KiB (23% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C03IoRBXUAE72PY.jpg:small could save 3.1KiB (15% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C1RZyV2WQAAt3Zr.jpg:small could save 3.1KiB (17% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C0xrkwbVIAAPI3N.jpg:small could save 3.1KiB (22% reduction).
Compressing https://o.twimg.com/2/proxy.jpg?t=HBhNaHR0cHM6Ly9k…WHF1Qjkhy90Ni4nZupzG7E could save 2.9KiB (24% reduction).
Compressing https://o.twimg.com/2/proxy.jpg?t=HBhNaHR0cHM6Ly9k…aj9hKljF4dGPq3-G_lzuEg could save 2.6KiB (17% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/801421296366223360/qq5UXKMO_normal.jpg could save 942B (50% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/809977105010278401/3bvZAcHN_normal.jpg could save 912B (45% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/676952754628272132/eieZ3P2t_normal.jpg could save 734B (41% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/585067895165562880/o0o2vwun_normal.jpg could save 718B (44% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-ic-subjmatters.png could save 697B (59% reduction).
Compressing and resizing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6267-8_pr.jpg could save 130.8KiB (84% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6202-9_pr.jpg could save 99.1KiB (82% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6224-1_pr.jpg could save 79.1KiB (85% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6196-1_pr.jpg could save 49.2KiB (75% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/pr/dup_cat_1478714087_cover_S17.jpg could save 47.2KiB (82% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6165-7_pr.jpg could save 43.6KiB (80% reduction).
Compressing https://dukeupress.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/978…23-6286-9_pr.jpg?w=620 could save 35.5KiB (65% reduction).
Compressing https://dukeupress.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/978…6202-9.jpg?w=174&h=261 could save 35KiB (68% reduction).
Compressing https://dukeupress.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/ani…planet-cover.jpg?w=620 could save 26.3KiB (66% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-hd-cover-1.jpg could save 20.5KiB (24% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C1QmP7OXgAAGro9.jpg:small could save 3.4KiB (18% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C1QmP4MWQAA9IeC.jpg:small could save 3.3KiB (23% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C03IoRBXUAE72PY.jpg:small could save 3.1KiB (15% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C1RZyV2WQAAt3Zr.jpg:small could save 3.1KiB (17% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C0xrkwbVIAAPI3N.jpg:small could save 3.1KiB (22% reduction).
Compressing https://o.twimg.com/2/proxy.jpg?t=HBhNaHR0cHM6Ly9k…WHF1Qjkhy90Ni4nZupzG7E could save 2.9KiB (24% reduction).
Compressing https://o.twimg.com/2/proxy.jpg?t=HBhNaHR0cHM6Ly9k…aj9hKljF4dGPq3-G_lzuEg could save 2.6KiB (17% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/801421296366223360/qq5UXKMO_normal.jpg could save 942B (50% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/809977105010278401/3bvZAcHN_normal.jpg could save 912B (45% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/676952754628272132/eieZ3P2t_normal.jpg could save 734B (41% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/585067895165562880/o0o2vwun_normal.jpg could save 718B (44% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-ic-subjmatters.png could save 697B (59% reduction).
priority - 16 Enable compression
Compressing resources with gzip or deflate can reduce the number of bytes sent over the network.
Enable compression for the following resources to reduce their transfer size by 155.6KiB (70% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jquery.js could save 58.4KiB (64% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js could save 27.9KiB (75% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/base.css could save 17.2KiB (72% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css could save 16.2KiB (77% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css could save 12.6KiB (82% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/ could save 12KiB (72% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css could save 7.8KiB (74% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js could save 1.9KiB (66% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js could save 1KiB (55% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/print.css could save 517B (57% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js could save 27.9KiB (75% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/base.css could save 17.2KiB (72% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css could save 16.2KiB (77% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css could save 12.6KiB (82% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/ could save 12KiB (72% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css could save 7.8KiB (74% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js could save 1.9KiB (66% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js could save 1KiB (55% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/print.css could save 517B (57% reduction).
priority - 15 Leverage browser caching
Setting an expiry date or a maximum age in the HTTP headers for static resources instructs the browser to load previously downloaded resources from local disk rather than over the network.
Leverage browser caching for the following cacheable resources:
https://dms.beacontec.com/auto-pageviews.js (expiration not specified)
https://dms.beacontec.com/dukeupress-gatracking.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6165-7_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6196-1_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6202-9_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6224-1_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6263-0_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6267-8_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/images/dup_btn_checkout.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/images/dup_btn_searchgo.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-hd-cover-1.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-ic-subjmatters.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-sitelogo-1.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-sitelogo-2.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-sitelogo-nav.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup_bull_nbox_1.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/loading.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/base.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/print.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jquery.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/pr/dup_cat_1478714087_cover_S17.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-100479.js?sv=5 (60 seconds)
https://cdn.syndication.twimg.com/widgets/timeline…e_codes=true&t=1648306 (5 minutes)
https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js (30 minutes)
https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/dc.js (2 hours)
https://dms.beacontec.com/dukeupress-gatracking.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6165-7_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6196-1_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6202-9_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6224-1_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6263-0_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6267-8_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/images/dup_btn_checkout.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/images/dup_btn_searchgo.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-hd-cover-1.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-ic-subjmatters.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-sitelogo-1.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-sitelogo-2.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-sitelogo-nav.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup_bull_nbox_1.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/loading.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/base.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/print.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jquery.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/pr/dup_cat_1478714087_cover_S17.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-100479.js?sv=5 (60 seconds)
https://cdn.syndication.twimg.com/widgets/timeline…e_codes=true&t=1648306 (5 minutes)
https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js (30 minutes)
https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/dc.js (2 hours)
priority - 8 Eliminate render-blocking JavaScript and CSS in above-the-fold content
Your page has 2 blocking script resources and 4 blocking CSS resources. This causes a delay in rendering your page.
None of the above-the-fold content on your page could be rendered without waiting for the following resources to load. Try to defer or asynchronously load blocking resources, or inline the critical portions of those resources directly in the HTML.
Remove render-blocking JavaScript:
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js
Optimize CSS Delivery of the following:
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/base.css
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css
priority - 2 Reduce server response time
In our test, your server responded in 0.44 seconds. There are many factors that can slow down your server response time. Please read our recommendations to learn how you can monitor and measure where your server is spending the most time.
priority - 1 Minify CSS
Compacting CSS code can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.
Minify CSS for the following resources to reduce their size by 9.6KiB (14% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/base.css could save 3.4KiB (15% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css could save 2.9KiB (14% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css could save 1.8KiB (12% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css could save 1.5KiB (15% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css could save 2.9KiB (14% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css could save 1.8KiB (12% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css could save 1.5KiB (15% reduction).
priority - 1 Minify JavaScript
Compacting JavaScript code can save many bytes of data and speed up downloading, parsing, and execution time.
Minify JavaScript for the following resources to reduce their size by 8.2KiB (19% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js could save 5.8KiB (16% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js could save 1.3KiB (45% reduction).
Minifying https://dms.beacontec.com/dukeupress-gatracking.js could save 596B (25% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js could save 514B (28% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js could save 1.3KiB (45% reduction).
Minifying https://dms.beacontec.com/dukeupress-gatracking.js could save 596B (25% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js could save 514B (28% reduction).
priority - 0 Minify HTML
Compacting HTML code, including any inline JavaScript and CSS contained in it, can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.
Minify HTML for the following resources to reduce their size by 3.4KiB (21% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/ could save 3.4KiB (21% reduction).
dukeupress.edu Desktop Resources
| Total Resources | 67 |
| Number of Hosts | 15 |
| Static Resources | 57 |
| JavaScript Resources | 13 |
| CSS Resources | 7 |
dukeupress.edu Desktop Resource Breakdown
dukeupress.edu mobile page speed rank
Last tested: 2017-01-03
Mobile Speed
Bad
42/100
dukeupress.edu Mobile Speed Test Quick Summary
priority - 61 Optimize images
Properly formatting and compressing images can save many bytes of data.
Optimize the following images to reduce their size by 592.4KiB (56% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6202-9_pr.jpg could save 99.1KiB (82% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6263-0_pr.jpg could save 89.6KiB (60% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6224-1_pr.jpg could save 79.1KiB (85% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6196-1_pr.jpg could save 49.2KiB (75% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/pr/dup_cat_1478714087_cover_S17.jpg could save 47.2KiB (82% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6165-7_pr.jpg could save 43.6KiB (80% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6267-8_pr.jpg could save 41.8KiB (28% reduction).
Compressing https://dukeupress.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/978…23-6286-9_pr.jpg?w=620 could save 35.5KiB (65% reduction).
Compressing https://dukeupress.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/978…6202-9.jpg?w=174&h=261 could save 35KiB (68% reduction).
Compressing https://dukeupress.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/ani…planet-cover.jpg?w=620 could save 26.3KiB (66% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-hd-cover-1.jpg could save 20.5KiB (24% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C1QmP7OXgAAGro9.jpg:small could save 3.4KiB (18% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C1QmP4MWQAA9IeC.jpg:small could save 3.3KiB (23% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C03IoRBXUAE72PY.jpg:small could save 3.1KiB (15% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C1RZyV2WQAAt3Zr.jpg:small could save 3.1KiB (17% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C0xrkwbVIAAPI3N.jpg:small could save 3.1KiB (22% reduction).
Compressing https://o.twimg.com/2/proxy.jpg?t=HBhNaHR0cHM6Ly9k…WHF1Qjkhy90Ni4nZupzG7E could save 2.9KiB (24% reduction).
Compressing https://o.twimg.com/2/proxy.jpg?t=HBhNaHR0cHM6Ly9k…aj9hKljF4dGPq3-G_lzuEg could save 2.6KiB (17% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/801421296366223360/qq5UXKMO_bigger.jpg could save 996B (41% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/809977105010278401/3bvZAcHN_bigger.jpg could save 874B (30% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/676952754628272132/eieZ3P2t_bigger.jpg could save 771B (28% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/585067895165562880/o0o2vwun_bigger.jpg could save 704B (32% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-ic-subjmatters.png could save 697B (59% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6263-0_pr.jpg could save 89.6KiB (60% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6224-1_pr.jpg could save 79.1KiB (85% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6196-1_pr.jpg could save 49.2KiB (75% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/pr/dup_cat_1478714087_cover_S17.jpg could save 47.2KiB (82% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6165-7_pr.jpg could save 43.6KiB (80% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6267-8_pr.jpg could save 41.8KiB (28% reduction).
Compressing https://dukeupress.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/978…23-6286-9_pr.jpg?w=620 could save 35.5KiB (65% reduction).
Compressing https://dukeupress.files.wordpress.com/2016/08/978…6202-9.jpg?w=174&h=261 could save 35KiB (68% reduction).
Compressing https://dukeupress.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/ani…planet-cover.jpg?w=620 could save 26.3KiB (66% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-hd-cover-1.jpg could save 20.5KiB (24% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C1QmP7OXgAAGro9.jpg:small could save 3.4KiB (18% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C1QmP4MWQAA9IeC.jpg:small could save 3.3KiB (23% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C03IoRBXUAE72PY.jpg:small could save 3.1KiB (15% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C1RZyV2WQAAt3Zr.jpg:small could save 3.1KiB (17% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/media/C0xrkwbVIAAPI3N.jpg:small could save 3.1KiB (22% reduction).
Compressing https://o.twimg.com/2/proxy.jpg?t=HBhNaHR0cHM6Ly9k…WHF1Qjkhy90Ni4nZupzG7E could save 2.9KiB (24% reduction).
Compressing https://o.twimg.com/2/proxy.jpg?t=HBhNaHR0cHM6Ly9k…aj9hKljF4dGPq3-G_lzuEg could save 2.6KiB (17% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/801421296366223360/qq5UXKMO_bigger.jpg could save 996B (41% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/809977105010278401/3bvZAcHN_bigger.jpg could save 874B (30% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/676952754628272132/eieZ3P2t_bigger.jpg could save 771B (28% reduction).
Compressing https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/585067895165562880/o0o2vwun_bigger.jpg could save 704B (32% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-ic-subjmatters.png could save 697B (59% reduction).
priority - 40 Eliminate render-blocking JavaScript and CSS in above-the-fold content
Your page has 6 blocking script resources and 4 blocking CSS resources. This causes a delay in rendering your page.
None of the above-the-fold content on your page could be rendered without waiting for the following resources to load. Try to defer or asynchronously load blocking resources, or inline the critical portions of those resources directly in the HTML.
Remove render-blocking JavaScript:
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jquery.js
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js
https://dms.beacontec.com/dukeupress-gatracking.js
https://dms.beacontec.com/auto-pageviews.js
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jquery.js
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js
https://dms.beacontec.com/dukeupress-gatracking.js
https://dms.beacontec.com/auto-pageviews.js
Optimize CSS Delivery of the following:
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/base.css
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css
priority - 23 Leverage browser caching
Setting an expiry date or a maximum age in the HTTP headers for static resources instructs the browser to load previously downloaded resources from local disk rather than over the network.
Leverage browser caching for the following cacheable resources:
https://dms.beacontec.com/auto-pageviews.js (expiration not specified)
https://dms.beacontec.com/dukeupress-gatracking.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6165-7_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6196-1_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6202-9_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6224-1_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6263-0_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6267-8_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/images/dup_btn_checkout.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/images/dup_btn_searchgo.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-hd-cover-1.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-ic-subjmatters.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-sitelogo-1.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-sitelogo-2.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-sitelogo-nav.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup_bull_nbox_1.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/loading.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/base.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/print.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jquery.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/pr/dup_cat_1478714087_cover_S17.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-100479.js?sv=5 (60 seconds)
https://cdn.syndication.twimg.com/widgets/timeline…e_codes=true&t=1648306 (5 minutes)
https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js (30 minutes)
https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/dc.js (2 hours)
https://dms.beacontec.com/dukeupress-gatracking.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6165-7_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6196-1_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6202-9_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6224-1_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6263-0_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/Assets/Books/978-0-8223-6267-8_pr.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/images/dup_btn_checkout.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/images/dup_btn_searchgo.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-hd-cover-1.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-ic-subjmatters.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-sitelogo-1.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-sitelogo-2.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup-sitelogo-nav.png (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/dup_bull_nbox_1.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/assets/loading.gif (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/base.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/print.css (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jquery.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js (expiration not specified)
https://www.dukeupress.edu/pr/dup_cat_1478714087_cover_S17.jpg (expiration not specified)
https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-100479.js?sv=5 (60 seconds)
https://cdn.syndication.twimg.com/widgets/timeline…e_codes=true&t=1648306 (5 minutes)
https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js (30 minutes)
https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/dc.js (2 hours)
priority - 16 Enable compression
Compressing resources with gzip or deflate can reduce the number of bytes sent over the network.
Enable compression for the following resources to reduce their transfer size by 155.6KiB (70% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jquery.js could save 58.4KiB (64% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js could save 27.9KiB (75% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/base.css could save 17.2KiB (72% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css could save 16.2KiB (77% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css could save 12.6KiB (82% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/ could save 12KiB (72% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css could save 7.8KiB (74% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js could save 1.9KiB (66% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js could save 1KiB (55% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/print.css could save 517B (57% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js could save 27.9KiB (75% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/base.css could save 17.2KiB (72% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css could save 16.2KiB (77% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css could save 12.6KiB (82% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/ could save 12KiB (72% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css could save 7.8KiB (74% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js could save 1.9KiB (66% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js could save 1KiB (55% reduction).
Compressing https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/print.css could save 517B (57% reduction).
priority - 8 Prioritize visible content
Your page requires additional network round trips to render the above-the-fold content. For best performance, reduce the amount of HTML needed to render above-the-fold content.
The entire HTML response was not sufficient to render the above-the-fold content. This usually indicates that additional resources, loaded after HTML parsing, were required to render above-the-fold content. Prioritize visible content that is needed for rendering above-the-fold by including it directly in the HTML response.
Only about 59% of the final above-the-fold content could be rendered with the full HTML response.
priority - 4 Reduce server response time
In our test, your server responded in 0.44 seconds. There are many factors that can slow down your server response time. Please read our recommendations to learn how you can monitor and measure where your server is spending the most time.
priority - 1 Minify CSS
Compacting CSS code can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.
Minify CSS for the following resources to reduce their size by 9.6KiB (14% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/base.css could save 3.4KiB (15% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css could save 2.9KiB (14% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css could save 1.8KiB (12% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css could save 1.5KiB (15% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/pages.css could save 2.9KiB (14% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/info.css could save 1.8KiB (12% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/css/nav.css could save 1.5KiB (15% reduction).
priority - 1 Minify JavaScript
Compacting JavaScript code can save many bytes of data and speed up downloading, parsing, and execution time.
Minify JavaScript for the following resources to reduce their size by 8.2KiB (19% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/p7PM3scripts.js could save 5.8KiB (16% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js could save 1.3KiB (45% reduction).
Minifying https://dms.beacontec.com/dukeupress-gatracking.js could save 596B (25% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js could save 514B (28% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/jq-feedek.js could save 1.3KiB (45% reduction).
Minifying https://dms.beacontec.com/dukeupress-gatracking.js could save 596B (25% reduction) after compression.
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/media/js/external.js could save 514B (28% reduction).
priority - 0 Minify HTML
Compacting HTML code, including any inline JavaScript and CSS contained in it, can save many bytes of data and speed up download and parse times.
Minify HTML for the following resources to reduce their size by 3.4KiB (21% reduction).
Minifying https://www.dukeupress.edu/ could save 3.4KiB (21% reduction).
dukeupress.edu Mobile Resources
| Total Resources | 67 |
| Number of Hosts | 15 |
| Static Resources | 57 |
| JavaScript Resources | 13 |
| CSS Resources | 7 |
dukeupress.edu Mobile Resource Breakdown
dukeupress.edu mobile page usability
Last tested: 2017-01-03
Mobile Usability
Good
89/100
dukeupress.edu Mobile Usability Test Quick Summary
priority - 10 Size tap targets appropriately
Some of the links/buttons on your webpage may be too small for a user to easily tap on a touchscreen. Consider making these tap targets larger to provide a better user experience.
The following tap targets are close to other nearby tap targets and may need additional spacing around them.
The tap target
The tap target
<a href="/About/mission.php">Mission</a> and 33 others are close to other tap targets.The tap target
<a href="/About/mission.php">Mission</a> and 33 others are close to other tap targets.dukeupress.edu similar domains
Similar domains:
www.dukeupress.com
www.dukeupress.net
www.dukeupress.org
www.dukeupress.info
www.dukeupress.biz
www.dukeupress.us
www.dukeupress.mobi
www.ukeupress.edu
www.dukeupress.edu
www.xukeupress.edu
www.dxukeupress.edu
www.xdukeupress.edu
www.sukeupress.edu
www.dsukeupress.edu
www.sdukeupress.edu
www.eukeupress.edu
www.deukeupress.edu
www.edukeupress.edu
www.rukeupress.edu
www.drukeupress.edu
www.rdukeupress.edu
www.fukeupress.edu
www.dfukeupress.edu
www.fdukeupress.edu
www.cukeupress.edu
www.dcukeupress.edu
www.cdukeupress.edu
www.dkeupress.edu
www.dykeupress.edu
www.duykeupress.edu
www.dyukeupress.edu
www.dhkeupress.edu
www.duhkeupress.edu
www.dhukeupress.edu
www.djkeupress.edu
www.dujkeupress.edu
www.djukeupress.edu
www.dikeupress.edu
www.duikeupress.edu
www.diukeupress.edu
www.dueupress.edu
www.dujeupress.edu
www.dukjeupress.edu
www.duieupress.edu
www.dukieupress.edu
www.dumeupress.edu
www.dukmeupress.edu
www.dumkeupress.edu
www.duleupress.edu
www.dukleupress.edu
www.dulkeupress.edu
www.duoeupress.edu
www.dukoeupress.edu
www.duokeupress.edu
www.dukupress.edu
www.dukwupress.edu
www.dukewupress.edu
www.dukweupress.edu
www.duksupress.edu
www.dukesupress.edu
www.dukseupress.edu
www.dukdupress.edu
www.dukedupress.edu
www.dukdeupress.edu
www.dukrupress.edu
www.dukerupress.edu
www.dukreupress.edu
www.dukepress.edu
www.dukeypress.edu
www.dukeuypress.edu
www.dukeyupress.edu
www.dukehpress.edu
www.dukeuhpress.edu
www.dukehupress.edu
www.dukejpress.edu
www.dukeujpress.edu
www.dukejupress.edu
www.dukeipress.edu
www.dukeuipress.edu
www.dukeiupress.edu
www.dukeuress.edu
www.dukeuoress.edu
www.dukeuporess.edu
www.dukeuopress.edu
www.dukeulress.edu
www.dukeuplress.edu
www.dukeulpress.edu
www.dukeupess.edu
www.dukeupeess.edu
www.dukeupreess.edu
www.dukeuperess.edu
www.dukeupdess.edu
www.dukeuprdess.edu
www.dukeupdress.edu
www.dukeupfess.edu
www.dukeuprfess.edu
www.dukeupfress.edu
www.dukeuptess.edu
www.dukeuprtess.edu
www.dukeuptress.edu
www.dukeuprss.edu
www.dukeuprwss.edu
www.dukeuprewss.edu
www.dukeuprwess.edu
www.dukeuprsss.edu
www.dukeupresss.edu
www.dukeuprsess.edu
www.dukeuprdss.edu
www.dukeupredss.edu
www.dukeuprrss.edu
www.dukeuprerss.edu
www.dukeuprress.edu
www.dukeupres.edu
www.dukeuprews.edu
www.dukeupresws.edu
www.dukeuprees.edu
www.dukeupreses.edu
www.dukeupreds.edu
www.dukeupresds.edu
www.dukeuprezs.edu
www.dukeupreszs.edu
www.dukeuprezss.edu
www.dukeuprexs.edu
www.dukeupresxs.edu
www.dukeuprexss.edu
www.dukeupreas.edu
www.dukeupresas.edu
www.dukeupreass.edu
www.dukeupresw.edu
www.dukeupressw.edu
www.dukeuprese.edu
www.dukeupresse.edu
www.dukeupresd.edu
www.dukeupressd.edu
www.dukeupresz.edu
www.dukeupressz.edu
www.dukeupresx.edu
www.dukeupressx.edu
www.dukeupresa.edu
www.dukeupressa.edu
www.dukeupress.net
www.dukeupress.org
www.dukeupress.info
www.dukeupress.biz
www.dukeupress.us
www.dukeupress.mobi
www.ukeupress.edu
www.dukeupress.edu
www.xukeupress.edu
www.dxukeupress.edu
www.xdukeupress.edu
www.sukeupress.edu
www.dsukeupress.edu
www.sdukeupress.edu
www.eukeupress.edu
www.deukeupress.edu
www.edukeupress.edu
www.rukeupress.edu
www.drukeupress.edu
www.rdukeupress.edu
www.fukeupress.edu
www.dfukeupress.edu
www.fdukeupress.edu
www.cukeupress.edu
www.dcukeupress.edu
www.cdukeupress.edu
www.dkeupress.edu
www.dykeupress.edu
www.duykeupress.edu
www.dyukeupress.edu
www.dhkeupress.edu
www.duhkeupress.edu
www.dhukeupress.edu
www.djkeupress.edu
www.dujkeupress.edu
www.djukeupress.edu
www.dikeupress.edu
www.duikeupress.edu
www.diukeupress.edu
www.dueupress.edu
www.dujeupress.edu
www.dukjeupress.edu
www.duieupress.edu
www.dukieupress.edu
www.dumeupress.edu
www.dukmeupress.edu
www.dumkeupress.edu
www.duleupress.edu
www.dukleupress.edu
www.dulkeupress.edu
www.duoeupress.edu
www.dukoeupress.edu
www.duokeupress.edu
www.dukupress.edu
www.dukwupress.edu
www.dukewupress.edu
www.dukweupress.edu
www.duksupress.edu
www.dukesupress.edu
www.dukseupress.edu
www.dukdupress.edu
www.dukedupress.edu
www.dukdeupress.edu
www.dukrupress.edu
www.dukerupress.edu
www.dukreupress.edu
www.dukepress.edu
www.dukeypress.edu
www.dukeuypress.edu
www.dukeyupress.edu
www.dukehpress.edu
www.dukeuhpress.edu
www.dukehupress.edu
www.dukejpress.edu
www.dukeujpress.edu
www.dukejupress.edu
www.dukeipress.edu
www.dukeuipress.edu
www.dukeiupress.edu
www.dukeuress.edu
www.dukeuoress.edu
www.dukeuporess.edu
www.dukeuopress.edu
www.dukeulress.edu
www.dukeuplress.edu
www.dukeulpress.edu
www.dukeupess.edu
www.dukeupeess.edu
www.dukeupreess.edu
www.dukeuperess.edu
www.dukeupdess.edu
www.dukeuprdess.edu
www.dukeupdress.edu
www.dukeupfess.edu
www.dukeuprfess.edu
www.dukeupfress.edu
www.dukeuptess.edu
www.dukeuprtess.edu
www.dukeuptress.edu
www.dukeuprss.edu
www.dukeuprwss.edu
www.dukeuprewss.edu
www.dukeuprwess.edu
www.dukeuprsss.edu
www.dukeupresss.edu
www.dukeuprsess.edu
www.dukeuprdss.edu
www.dukeupredss.edu
www.dukeuprrss.edu
www.dukeuprerss.edu
www.dukeuprress.edu
www.dukeupres.edu
www.dukeuprews.edu
www.dukeupresws.edu
www.dukeuprees.edu
www.dukeupreses.edu
www.dukeupreds.edu
www.dukeupresds.edu
www.dukeuprezs.edu
www.dukeupreszs.edu
www.dukeuprezss.edu
www.dukeuprexs.edu
www.dukeupresxs.edu
www.dukeuprexss.edu
www.dukeupreas.edu
www.dukeupresas.edu
www.dukeupreass.edu
www.dukeupresw.edu
www.dukeupressw.edu
www.dukeuprese.edu
www.dukeupresse.edu
www.dukeupresd.edu
www.dukeupressd.edu
www.dukeupresz.edu
www.dukeupressz.edu
www.dukeupresx.edu
www.dukeupressx.edu
www.dukeupresa.edu
www.dukeupressa.edu
dukeupress.edu Ping
Ping is a networking utility tool to test if a particular host is reachable. It is a diagnostic that checks reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network. In a computer network, a ping test is a way of sending messages from one host to another. Aside from checking if the host is connected to a network, ping also gives indicators of the reliability and general speed of the connection.
dukeupress.edu TRACEROUTE
Traceroute is a network diagnostic tool used to track the pathway taken by a packet on an IP network from source to destination. Traceroute also records the time taken for each hop the packet makes during its route to the destination. Traceroute uses ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) echo packets with variable time to live values. The response time of each hop is calculated. To guarantee accuracy, each hop is queried multiple times (usually three times) to better measure the response of that particular hop.